英文畢業(yè)論文范文

時間:2023-03-21 11:11:50

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英文畢業(yè)論文

篇1

摘要:畢業(yè)論文是學生積數(shù)年習得的知識和學術(shù)理念的精華體現(xiàn),但如今其現(xiàn)狀不盡如人意。本文從畢業(yè)論文的現(xiàn)狀入手,通過調(diào)查,分析現(xiàn)狀成因,進而反思英文寫作課教學并提出其定位。

畢業(yè)論文和學位論文通常是有一定長度并有文獻資料佐證的學術(shù)研究論文,專門對科學領(lǐng)域中的某些問題或現(xiàn)象進行探討研究,具有科學性和創(chuàng)見性。畢業(yè)論文的完成是學生在掌握本專業(yè)要求的全部知識、理論和技能的基礎(chǔ)上進行綜合運用,獨立地、創(chuàng)造性地解決理論和實際問題的一項活動,是學生從事獨立科研工作的起點,也是展示自己專業(yè)水平和科研能力的一次機會。更重要的是,畢業(yè)論文寫作的優(yōu)劣是決定學生畢業(yè)時可否被授予學士學位的重要依據(jù)。因此,畢業(yè)論文的寫作應當受到高度重視。然而,目前的本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量令人擔憂,曾有文章比之為“雞肋”,意為“棄之可惜,食之無味”。就英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文而言,情況則更應引起重視。

一、論文現(xiàn)狀根據(jù)教學進度的要求,英語專業(yè)的學生在第八學期開學伊始就要準備論文開題報告,從而進入實質(zhì)性的論文寫作過程。下面是在各個環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的問題。

1.選題草率,研究方向不確定。學生在選題時不夠慎重,沒有經(jīng)過嚴肅的思考,有的同學僅憑一時興起就定下題目,如《論佛教在中國的發(fā)展》。且不說這個題目大小,其內(nèi)容本身就已超出專業(yè)范圍,用英文撰寫對本科生也實屬力所難逮。還有的同學選題為‘OnReading’,研究方向不確定,泛泛而談,不知側(cè)重在哪里。雖然從表面上看,有些情況屬于個案,但事實上,近幾年,題目難以確定的現(xiàn)象越來越多,有的已經(jīng)導師認可的題目,學生在進行下一步工作之前又有較大改變,甚至改變研究方向。

2.資料收集倉促,時而迷失方向。論文中表達的觀點和論點一般是以資料研究為基礎(chǔ)的,如果僅憑一兩本或幾篇文章,就想從中得出令人信服的結(jié)論是不可能的,即使得出結(jié)論,也沒有多大說服力,因為資料太少,不足為證。然而,學生收集資料缺乏系統(tǒng)性,覺得不夠用了則難以繼續(xù),轉(zhuǎn)而換題,資料跟著題目變,倉促之間,迷失方向不知所措。

3.論文撰寫問題重重。撰寫論文要對收集到的資料進行閱讀、做筆記、研究和整理之后,用自己的語言將其串聯(lián)起來,說明論點、擺出論據(jù)、完成論證。如果只是把收集到的資料堆積在一起,東一段、西一段地拼湊下來,不能稱其為論文。而大部分學生恰恰是以堆積為主,自己陳述為輔,論點跟著論據(jù)走,缺乏一致性,連貫性和邏輯性。另外,從論文整體的文字上看,資料部分用詞專業(yè)、準確,句子相對復雜,而學生自己的陳述則語法錯誤頻頻出現(xiàn),句子簡單并口語化。

二、現(xiàn)狀的成因

1.形勢與應試的導向。近幾年的擴招使學生數(shù)量有所上升,而教師的數(shù)量不但基本上沒有上升,還有不少人投入國內(nèi)外的進修學習而不能擔任課程。由于課程負擔過重,使教師不堪重負而有意無意地忽視了寫作課實踐環(huán)節(jié)以及批閱后的反饋。全國統(tǒng)一安排的英語專業(yè)四、八級考試合格證已成為評定英語專業(yè)水平的重要砝碼,在社會和校方的大力關(guān)注下,學生認識到四級考試決定畢業(yè)證,八級考試關(guān)系到找工作,寫作課教師也希望學生在寫作項目考試中得高分。于是,大部分時間都圍繞四、八級考試進行。學生熟悉了框架形式、套路,只注意與過級考試相關(guān)的寫作形式與技巧,不善于觀察生活和知識積累,因此也就談不上運用所學的知識表達思想、分析問題和解決問題了。

2.寫作教材的適用性。我國大學英語專業(yè)的寫作教學一直缺少一套較為完整,由淺及深,循序漸進,適合現(xiàn)實各個階段教學需要的教材?;A(chǔ)英語寫作教材的范例雖多,但語言過于淺顯,有些內(nèi)容較貼近生活,但實用性和趣味性還有待提高;課后練習多為圍繞四、八級考試出題,學生“見多了”正式考題,對此類寫作練習,缺乏動力,且練習都未附參考答案,使師生課后沒有參閱的標準;畢業(yè)論文一章,在二年級開始講授,引不起學生的共鳴,一來是學生忙于考級,論文不是重點,二來時間尚早,缺乏一個過渡期,無法形成理性認識。

3.學生基本功較差又缺乏實踐。學生習慣于讓老師灌輸詞匯句型,不愿意動腦筋積極思考,寫出來的東西用詞不貼切,語法不規(guī)范,行文不順暢,缺乏邏輯性、無條理。眾所周知,寫作不僅在于語言文字的組織,更多的功夫在于知識積累和文化素質(zhì),這方面的提高對于學生更為重要。然而,待學生忙完了四、八級考試轉(zhuǎn)入論文寫作的時候,才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沒有做好這方面的準備,無論是題目、提綱還是摘要、引言、參考文獻,從形式到內(nèi)容腦子里一片空白。雖說在之前的寫作課上,這些內(nèi)容都講過,但當時不是學習重點,而且沒有親自實踐過程,學生不知所措,無從下手。

三、英文寫作課的定位

1.專時專用,突出目標。將四、八級考試及畢業(yè)論文寫作分階段進行,形成層次。在基礎(chǔ)英語寫作階段,集中實現(xiàn)兩個公認的目標:提高英語寫作能力和順利通過四、八級考試。將教材中傳統(tǒng)的寫作技巧中的精華部分及增加的課外內(nèi)容邊講授邊加入寫作實踐,從而更加強調(diào)寫作的動態(tài)過程和學習者創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)揮。畢業(yè)論文指導要作為一門課程開設(shè),專門講授學術(shù)論文的研究方法,這樣不僅為學生的四年學業(yè)成就提供展示的機會,而且為將來的學習和工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。

2.注重實際,精講多練。有效克服教材的不足,從實際出發(fā),為我所用,可適當放棄一些高深的章節(jié),并增加一些循序漸進的內(nèi)容,保證穩(wěn)步提高。針對學生存在的諸多問題,在講授詞匯、語法、句法方面多做有益的練習,盡量找生動、學生易犯的大量的中式英語的例子,使學生在談笑間能將其錯誤牢記在心。而大量的練習能給學生留下長久的印象。這樣既提高了四、八級成績,又有助于學生寫作能力的提高,更重要的是提升了跨文化交際意識。

3.發(fā)動學生,互幫互進。由于教師的精力有限,可適時適量地發(fā)動學生互評作業(yè),學生自己能夠解決的問題自己解決。同學間同級互評能幫助學生增強讀者意識,降低寫作焦慮,彌補自己寫作中的不足。首先,互評可增加其詞匯量,正反兩方面的評價有益于所有學生作文水平的提高。其次,學生能夠通過討論互評首先成為一個頭腦敏銳、豐富的讀者、聽眾,然后成為一個思路清晰、能寫出好文章的作者。

這樣,教師不再是作為唯一的“讀者”去評判學生的作品。全班同學在教師的幫助下,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并能表達出問題的所在。最終學生對評判自己的作品的內(nèi)容的表達方面也更加敏銳,并能更好地修正自己的作品,學生會很快地從評判活動中看到益處,也會把大家對自己作品的評價作為提高文章水平的重要的參考資料。其實,這不僅解決了日常教學中的問題,而且培養(yǎng)了學生嚴謹治學的良好習慣。總而言之,對英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文反映出來的問題要認真研究,其中英文寫作課的教學任務(wù)極為關(guān)鍵,通過調(diào)查研究與實踐相結(jié)合,不斷探索,希望能夠提高學生的論文本論文由無憂論文由寫作能力。

參考文獻:

[1]程杰.合理利用文獻[J].廣東工業(yè)大學學報,2004,06.第四卷增刊:148

篇2

2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2

2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2

2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3

2.3 Features of company website translation 4

3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6

3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8

   3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8

   3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9

   3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13

4.1 Functional translation errors 13

   4.1.1 Problem of length 13

   4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15

4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16

   4.2.1 Spelling errors 16

   4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17

   4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17

   4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18

4.3 Cultural translation errors 19

5. Conclusion 20

Acknowledgements 21

References 22

1.Introduction

Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.

And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.

2. Current situation and features of company website translation

In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.

2.1 Current situation of company website translation

Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.

Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.

2.2 Samples of famous foreign website

There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.

Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.

(heritage.coca-cola.com/)

Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.

The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.

    Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)

 As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.

2.3 Features of company website translation   

First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules.  Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.

At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.

3. The Skopos theory and company website translation

 

 A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.

3.1 Introduction of skopos theory

The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.

Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.

It requires that a good translation be:

[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;

[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;

[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;

[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed; 

[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;

[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;

.

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory

During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.

3.2.1 Functional translation errors

Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .

Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.

The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.

3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors

Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳頭產(chǎn)品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳頭產(chǎn)品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].

Example[3]: 三十年紡織品和服裝出口經(jīng)驗,質(zhì)量第一,信譽第一,友情第一,重合同,守信用,始終如一。(ex.cn)

Original version:Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.

Revised version:The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.

Example[4]: 集“中國馳名商標”、“中國名牌”、“國家免檢產(chǎn)品”和“國家出口商品免驗”等榮譽于一身的特步(中國)有限公司,位于福建省泉州市經(jīng)濟技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)。(xtep.com.cn/)

Original version:Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:

Revised version:Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. 

3.2.3 Clutural translation errors

What does the word “culture” mean?As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.

In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.

Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.

Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.

In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.

Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.

As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龍的傳人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龍” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龍” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外貿(mào)企業(yè)為龍頭” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.

Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.

Example[5]: 該廠能生產(chǎn)大衣、西裝、時裝、襯衣、毛衣等不同類型服裝用的上千個花色品種的紐扣,產(chǎn)品規(guī)格齊全,品種繁多,造型新穎。(lxbutton.com/)

Original version:The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.

Revised version:The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.

It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province

There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.

4.1 Functional translation errors

4.1.1 Problem of length

The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.

Example [6]: 進入新世紀后,娃哈哈已擁有了雄厚的產(chǎn)品自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力,在雄厚的資金保障下,通過引進國際最先進的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備技術(shù),進行消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新,使公司擁有強大的核心競爭能力。同時,通過自主開發(fā)營養(yǎng)快線等系列創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品,廣開銷路,實現(xiàn)科學發(fā)展,行業(yè)龍頭地位日益穩(wěn)固。目前,娃哈哈正在不斷擴大投資規(guī)模,不斷自主創(chuàng)新,向著世界500強企業(yè)的目標闊步前進!(劃線部分為錯誤點)(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)

    Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.

We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新”,“自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:

Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。

Example [7]: 東方機械位于風景秀麗、物產(chǎn)豐富、經(jīng)濟發(fā)達、文化繁榮,素有江南“魚米、皮革之鄉(xiāng)”美稱的錢塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)

Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish,Rice and Leather",with beautiful scenery,rich products,flourishing economy and prosperous culture.

Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”(we can just delete the underlined part)

Example [8]: 2003年初,公司為滿足國內(nèi)市場對專用車的需要,及時調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)并成立的專用車公司,在做穩(wěn)、做強客車的同時,投巨資實施專用車項目,精心打造有洛陽宇通特色的專用車產(chǎn)品,本著“低端切人、高端占領(lǐng)”的原則,經(jīng)過精心籌備,四大系列產(chǎn)品即混凝土攪拌車系列、散裝水泥車系列、加油車系列、灑水車系列一經(jīng)投放市場,便以其全新的設(shè)計、優(yōu)美的造型、細膩的工藝贏得了市場的青睞。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)

Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.

Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.

4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern

In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.

Example [9]: 引進大量的科技管理人才,成立“真愛集團人才聯(lián)誼會” 形成“重知識,重人才” 的良好氣氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)

Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.

Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.

Example  [10]:

(1)醫(yī)德醫(yī)風

Medical ethics

(2)全體員工精誠團結(jié),上下一心

All the staffs unite absolute sincerity

(3)上有上策,下有下策,有令不行,有禁不止。

Disobey orders and defy prohibition.

In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“風”. The Chinese“精誠團結(jié)”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.

Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“進入飯店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “進入飯店,帶來…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.

4.2 Linguistic translation errors

A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).

4.2.1 Spelling errors

Example [11]: 本公司始終堅持以“質(zhì)量為本,科技創(chuàng)新,優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù),環(huán)保產(chǎn)品”為發(fā)展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)

Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Example [12]:“成功電子” 以擁有您的支持而自豪,并有信心通過我們不斷的努力使您以使用“成功電子” 產(chǎn)品而驕傲。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation

Example[13]: 公司自創(chuàng)辦以來,不斷擴大規(guī)模,更新產(chǎn)品的種類。歡迎各中外客商前來共創(chuàng)商機! (rx-china.com/)

Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.

Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!

Example [14]: 本公司經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)品廣泛用于通訊設(shè)備、家用電器、儀器儀表、數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品行業(yè)、電子玩具以及工業(yè)自動化設(shè)備等各種領(lǐng)域, 在電子行業(yè)有很高的聲譽。(zszyss.com/)

Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.

Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.

4.2.3 Incorrect word translation

Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘揚、推廣中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化和與之相結(jié)合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有關(guān)部門指定為外交部國禮系列圖書國內(nèi)外主要發(fā)行單位之一。(zylp.com/)

Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .

Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Example [16]: 百果園占地面積20 畝,花園式布局,生產(chǎn)車間4800m²,設(shè)有原料、粗加工、成品、包裝、冷藏、鍋爐等生產(chǎn)車間。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)

Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.

Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.

4.2.4 Illogical arrangement

Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.

Example [17]:(本單位)成立于1988年,是經(jīng)國家建設(shè)部批準,專業(yè)從事地基與基礎(chǔ)工程施工的壹級企業(yè)。(richelevator.com/hz/)

Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.

Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.

Example [18]: 公司非常重視對員工隊伍素質(zhì)的培訓工作,專門成立了人力資源部,對員工進行操作技術(shù)、專業(yè)技能、安全生產(chǎn)、市場意識、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量等方面的培訓。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.

Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.

4.3 Cultural translation errors 

When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.

Example[19]: 公司于2000年順利通過ISO9001: 2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認證,形成了一套完整的質(zhì)量保障體系,2002年11月被中國輕工業(yè)質(zhì)量認證中心授予 “環(huán)保陶瓷”稱號。(.cn/)

Original version:the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.

  In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認證,“環(huán)保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.

5.Conclusion

It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.

In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.

However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.

Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

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. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007.

[8] Vermeer, H. J. Skopos and Commission in Translational Action [M]. New York: Gardner Press 2000: 221-232.

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[13] 王娜. 從功能翻譯理論看中國企業(yè)簡介的翻譯 [D]. 首都師范大學碩士學位論文 2006.

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[15] Toury,G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shnahgai:Shnahgai  Foreign Language  Education Press,2001.

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[18] 譚載喜. 新編奈達論翻譯 [M]. 北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,1999.

[19] 崔勝湘. 根據(jù)目的進行翻譯 [D]. 國防科學技術(shù)大學 碩士學位論文, 2004.

 

誠 信 承 諾

我謹在此承諾:本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《外貿(mào)公司網(wǎng)站英譯研究之目的論視角》均系本人獨立完成,沒有抄襲行為,凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料,均作了注釋,若有不實,后果由本人承擔。

 

篇3

[關(guān)鍵詞]應用型本科;畢業(yè)論文改革;課程設(shè)置;撰寫形式

[中圖分類號]H193.6[文獻標識碼]A[文章編號]1672-8610(2016)01-0132-03

本科畢業(yè)論文是實現(xiàn)本科培養(yǎng)目標要求的重要教學環(huán)節(jié),也是檢驗學生綜合素質(zhì)與實踐能力培養(yǎng)效果的手段,還是評價學校教育質(zhì)量和辦學水平的重要標尺。獨立學院作為我國高等學校本科辦學模式的新生力量,主要以培養(yǎng)素質(zhì)高、能力強、會創(chuàng)新、能創(chuàng)業(yè)的高級應用型人才為目標。畢業(yè)論文反映獨立學院內(nèi)涵建設(shè)的水平,關(guān)系學校的辦學聲譽和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

一、問題的提出與研究現(xiàn)狀

目前,我國高校大部分獨立學院都以“應用型”作為人才培養(yǎng)主要目標之一,課程設(shè)置方面也在一定程度上做出了與母體學校相區(qū)別的設(shè)置,但在畢業(yè)論文這一環(huán)節(jié)卻多半沒有明顯的區(qū)分度,尤其是文科語言類的專業(yè),依然以撰寫學術(shù)論文的形式存在。學習過程中側(cè)重實踐與應用,但在畢業(yè)論文環(huán)節(jié)又繞回到了重理論與學術(shù)研究的狀態(tài),此種矛盾不僅困擾了眾多的學生,也令許多論文指導老師一籌莫展。學生在撰寫畢業(yè)論文的過程中困難重重,較常見的問題有:科研經(jīng)驗不足、科研興趣偏低、選題困難、難以創(chuàng)新等。論文指導老師抱怨較多的方面則是:學生邏輯論證能力差、閱讀量太少、科研語言表達能力欠缺、學術(shù)論文格式規(guī)范度不高、畏難情緒嚴重、主動性不夠等。從師生兩方面反映的困難不難看出,諸多問題的存在與課程設(shè)置、學習過程中缺乏與撰寫學術(shù)論文相應的支撐有密切關(guān)系。也可以理解為:畢業(yè)論文的撰寫形式與培養(yǎng)過程中重實踐與應用的模式不匹配。為此,相繼有學者對獨立學院的本科畢業(yè)論文改革展開研究。在知網(wǎng)的搜索顯示,關(guān)于本科畢業(yè)論文改革的文章,以“獨立學院畢業(yè)論文”為關(guān)鍵詞的論文有22篇,時間段集中在2008年至2014年,平均每年為3.6篇。而以“獨立學院英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文”為關(guān)鍵詞的有關(guān)論文為3篇,研究角度集中在寫作過程調(diào)查、問題與對策等方面。有青年學者提出以配音講解作品替代學術(shù)論文的做法。[1]147-150也有學者認為畢業(yè)論文要與社會接軌。[2]123甚至還有學者對畢業(yè)論文與實習和就業(yè)一體化模式進行了探討,主張畢業(yè)論文的選題與學生實習、就業(yè)緊密相關(guān)外,還提出學生可用外語類職業(yè)資格證書、國家級競賽獲獎證書等方式申請免撰寫畢業(yè)論文。[3]99-102與此相對應的,公立院校針對本科畢業(yè)論文改革進行研究的論文則高達上萬篇,時間也要久遠得多,有專門針對理工科專業(yè)的,如《電子信息專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革實踐》[4]84-87,也有專門針對文科專業(yè)的,如《畢業(yè)論文改革:高校新聞本科教育改革的切入點》。[5]110-112姑且不論獨立學院是20世紀80年代的新生事物,但相關(guān)研究論文絕對量較少,是否就意味著獨立學院畢業(yè)論文改革的重要性偏低,必要性不具備呢?答案是否定的。課題小組以南國商學院英語類本科專業(yè)2013屆、2014屆和2015屆連續(xù)三屆畢業(yè)生為研究對象開展的重點校級課題中所采集的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示:應用型本科學生的畢業(yè)論文改革勢在必行。

二、項目研究設(shè)計

本課題的目的在于結(jié)合學校英語類本科專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的現(xiàn)實情況,提出改革的方案,進行改革實踐,推動獨立學院本科畢業(yè)論文科學發(fā)展。據(jù)此,特擬定了如下研究內(nèi)容:一是審視學校的人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標,究其是否與經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展需求相吻合;二是考察本專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案,看其中的課程設(shè)置是否與學生必須具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和能力結(jié)構(gòu)相沖突。三是采取試驗實踐的方法,了解學生對其他形式的畢業(yè)設(shè)計是否感興趣,具體做法包括:引導學生在大學期間積極寫作,爭取在省級及以上刊物公開;鼓勵翻譯專業(yè)的學生從事翻譯實踐并撰寫翻譯體會;提倡商務(wù)英語專業(yè)的學生開展市場調(diào)查并撰寫調(diào)研報告;幫助英語專業(yè)的學生從事跨文化比較研究。

三、項目研究過程與研究結(jié)果

本課題研究的過程是通過審視學校人才培養(yǎng)方案和培養(yǎng)目標、考察專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案和開展為期三年的試驗實踐的方式進行,最終通過分析試驗和調(diào)查問卷數(shù)據(jù),得出研究的結(jié)果。

(一)研究過程

1.審視學校人才培養(yǎng)方案和培養(yǎng)目標。審視學校的人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標,究其是否與經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展需求相吻合。學校以“通基礎(chǔ)、精專業(yè)、強外語、重實踐”為人才培養(yǎng)模式,致力于培養(yǎng)“應用型、復合型、外向型”人才??梢?,在培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)目標方面總體上符合地區(qū)經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展對獨立學院人才培養(yǎng)的期望。2.考察專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案??疾毂緦I(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)方案,看其中的課程設(shè)置是否與學生必須具備的知識結(jié)構(gòu)和能力結(jié)構(gòu)相沖突。2013屆的英語專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案中,在三年級之前閱讀和寫作課程分別開設(shè)了兩個學期,之后再無寫作課程。也就是課程設(shè)置中并無有關(guān)學術(shù)論文寫作的課程,但學生畢業(yè)之時要求撰寫畢業(yè)論文。2014屆和2015屆的人才培養(yǎng)方案中,閱讀和寫作課程依然在低年級各開設(shè)了兩個學期,但在三年級第二學期均開設(shè)了文獻檢索與論文寫作課程。這意味著學生剛開始學習如何撰寫學術(shù)論文就要開始撰寫畢業(yè)論文了。此外,學校本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)工作管理辦法中明確規(guī)定了論文指導老師的職責和畢業(yè)論文的格式等主要內(nèi)容,可以理解為撰寫學術(shù)論文是完成畢業(yè)論文的唯一形式。顯然,專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案中的課程設(shè)置與畢業(yè)檢測形式不匹配,與應用型人才的培養(yǎng)目標不一致。3.開展畢業(yè)論文改革實踐。針對人才培養(yǎng)方案的不足,在畢業(yè)論文論文撰寫階段采取試驗實踐的方法,幫助學生開展不同形式的論文撰寫,突出實踐性和應用性。一是引導學生在大學期間積極寫作,爭取在省級及以上刊物公開。凡是在本學科省級(含以上)刊物發(fā)表文章、譯文的,且文章字數(shù)與畢業(yè)論文字數(shù)相當(約5000字),無論文章使用的語言是中文還是英文,只要在答辯前出刊,均可直接參與全英文答辯。選擇公開的同學在開題時填寫《本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計計劃書》,內(nèi)容要素與畢業(yè)論文開題報告書有較大不同,內(nèi)容有“擬撰寫字數(shù)”、“論文內(nèi)容概要”、“擬發(fā)表刊物等級”和“進程安排”等方面。計劃書通過后,在論文指導老師的引導下,完成論文的撰寫與發(fā)表,最后經(jīng)學院學術(shù)委員會審定能達到畢業(yè)論文要求的,允許參與答辯。二是鼓勵翻譯專業(yè)的學生從事翻譯實踐并撰寫翻譯體會。翻譯專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)目標是培養(yǎng)能熟練使用翻譯工具,能夠勝任不同文體文本的筆譯、口譯工作的應用型高級專門人才。由此可見,翻譯是畢業(yè)生必備的技能,鼓勵學生從事翻譯實踐無疑具有很強的職業(yè)預備性。翻譯資料的方式可以是中譯英,也可以是英譯中,原始翻譯資料的總字數(shù)需達到3000字以上。譯文被公司采納的學生,需結(jié)合翻譯實踐撰寫2000字左右的全英文論述文章,經(jīng)論文指導老師審定合格后,可以憑借書面的采納證明申請參與全英文答辯,答辯時還需提供翻譯原件和譯稿。選擇從事翻譯實踐的同學在開題時填寫《本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計計劃書》,計劃書的內(nèi)容要素有翻譯類型選擇“英譯中/中譯英”、翻譯字數(shù)選擇“1500字漢譯英+1500字英譯漢/3000字漢譯英/3000字英譯漢”、“擬翻譯的內(nèi)容概要”和“翻譯公司的相關(guān)信息”(需提供相關(guān)證明材料)。三是提倡商務(wù)英語專業(yè)的學生開展市場調(diào)查并撰寫調(diào)研報告。商務(wù)英語專業(yè)的人才培養(yǎng)目標是培養(yǎng)能在國際環(huán)境中熟練使用英語從事經(jīng)貿(mào)、管理、金融等領(lǐng)域商務(wù)工作的應用型高級專門人才。而近年來對畢業(yè)生就業(yè)開展的跟蹤調(diào)查表明:有相當一部分畢業(yè)生會從事與市場有關(guān)的工作。因此本項目提倡學生結(jié)合專業(yè)實習撰寫有關(guān)的調(diào)研文章或論述文章,且字數(shù)、文章質(zhì)量與畢業(yè)論文相當時,經(jīng)審定能達到畢業(yè)論文要求的,視為完成畢業(yè)論文,最后參與全英文答辯。在此過程中,選擇撰寫調(diào)研報告的同學在開題時填寫《本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)開題報告》,與撰寫普通學術(shù)論文相同,但要求學生通過制定調(diào)查問卷,收集下翔實的數(shù)據(jù),文中就調(diào)查問卷所取得的數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,得出相關(guān)結(jié)論,且調(diào)查問卷需附在正文之后,供答辯小組成員參考。四是幫助英語專業(yè)的學生從事跨文化比較研究。根據(jù)人才培養(yǎng)方案的要求,英語專業(yè)的學生需具有較強的英語語言運用能力和跨文化交際能力,因此,通過適度的問卷調(diào)查從事跨文化比較研究也是比較貼近實際、提升學生語言運用能力的手段之一。對三屆畢業(yè)生的選題進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在導師的指導下,大量學生從事跨文化比較研究,類似的選題如:《英漢廣告幽默文化對比》《中美災難文化價值觀異同》《中美商務(wù)談判文化風格差異對比》和《中美企業(yè)文化差異對比》等。事實上,這些選題被學生認為易于撰寫,并且完成得較好。五是告知學生還可用反映本科畢業(yè)研究水平的其他形式替代畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。其他與專業(yè)相關(guān)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計,字數(shù)、質(zhì)量與畢業(yè)論文相當,經(jīng)審定達到畢業(yè)論文要求的形式均可由學生開展。如與在省級(含以上)刊物公開相當?shù)挠兄鞒只蛘邊⑴c省級大學生創(chuàng)新項目;與參與翻譯實踐相當?shù)挠袇⒓邮〖?含以上)口、筆譯大賽并獲獎;通過國家級職業(yè)資格證書考試等等。視具體情況,由學生提出申請,學院學術(shù)委員會討論通過,經(jīng)審定合格的,均可視為達到畢業(yè)論文的水平。

(二)研究結(jié)果

1.改革實踐數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計。2013級305名畢業(yè)生中,有4人參與了翻譯實踐,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的1.3%。2014屆200名畢業(yè)生中,共有42人參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐。其中7人在公開刊物,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的3.5%;35人從事翻譯實踐,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的17.5%。參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐的學生總體比例為21%。2015屆290名畢業(yè)生中,共有66人參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐,其中2人在公開刊物上發(fā)表文章,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的0.6%,51人從事翻譯實踐,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的17.6%,15人進行調(diào)查研究,占畢業(yè)人數(shù)的5%,參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐的學生總體比例為23.3%。三年的數(shù)據(jù)表明,參與畢業(yè)論文改革實踐的學生絕對人數(shù)及比例呈逐年上升趨勢。2.問卷調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)分析。由于2015屆為學院迄今為止畢業(yè)生人數(shù)較多、參與畢業(yè)論文改革人數(shù)最多的年級,故選擇作為本次問卷調(diào)查的對象。問卷以不定項選擇題和開放式問答題的形式,就“獨立學院的大學生有無必要完成畢業(yè)論文?”,“畢業(yè)論文撰寫方面遇到何種問題?”,以及“最希望以何種形式完成畢業(yè)論文?”等十項內(nèi)容進行調(diào)查。經(jīng)過對調(diào)查問卷收集的數(shù)據(jù)進行分析發(fā)現(xiàn):學生普遍承認完成畢業(yè)論文是必要的、的確有利于綜合素質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)、也有利于科研能力的提升,并且對于英語表達能力的培養(yǎng)也有明顯幫助;但資料貧乏、科研經(jīng)驗不足、語言表達跟不上和難以創(chuàng)新凸顯了教學與檢測的不對接。絕大部分學生認為現(xiàn)有的畢業(yè)論文形式的確需要進行改革,要實現(xiàn)教學內(nèi)容與畢業(yè)檢測的全面對接;有學生認為實踐能力遠比科研能力重要,學校需要對所開的專業(yè)課程進行相應改變以對接畢業(yè)論文改革。且不論學生看問題有無偏頗,從對人才培養(yǎng)方案的考察來看,學生要求教學內(nèi)容與畢業(yè)檢測對接的要求無疑是正確的。3.有待解決的問題。研究中反饋的問題包括三個方面:第一,在省級(含以上)刊物公開的學生均是使用中文撰寫,雖然答辯時使用的是英文,但并不能完全說明其使用英文撰寫畢業(yè)論文的能力也達到了相應的水平。是否要求學生在省級(含以上)刊物發(fā)表全英文的文章還有待進一步商榷。第二,根據(jù)論文指導老師的反饋,從事翻譯實踐的同學所翻譯的譯文初稿水平并不能達到相應要求,都需要指導老師的大力修改方能達到公司期望的水準。雖說在反復修改的過程中,學生的翻譯能力也會因此而提高,但指導老師認為譯稿的最終水平并非學生真實翻譯能力的體現(xiàn)。如果委托公司借此聘用學生擔任正式的翻譯,日后在無教師指導下的翻譯水平能否保證還有待考證。第三,暫時還未對反映本科畢業(yè)研究水平的其他形式進行實踐研究,也沒有學生提出相關(guān)置換申請。課題組成員認為,畢業(yè)檢測的形式應該沒有窮盡。從研究的結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn),對于以“應用型”作為人才培養(yǎng)主要目標之一的獨立學院的英語類專業(yè)學生而言,雖然更看重自身實踐能力的培養(yǎng),但恰當?shù)目蒲袑τ谔岣咂渚C合的語言能力和研究能力有著不可或缺的作用。有關(guān)教學與檢測對接問題的探索,不僅需要在課程設(shè)置方面開展研究,也需要在畢業(yè)論文的撰寫形式方面積極改革,更需要對不同形式的畢業(yè)檢測進行利弊分析,力爭使教學過程與教學檢測相一致,理論學習與實踐應用相一致,在校學習與求職就業(yè)相一致,最終實現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文撰寫形式多樣化、方式合理化、效果顯著化的目標,提高獨立學院的本科人才培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量。

【參考文獻】

[1]郭慶,黃運婷.英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革的研究與實踐[J].太原師范學院學報(社會科學版),2013(3).

[2]奚道同,等.民辦高校畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)改革方向研究[J].山西財經(jīng)大學學報,2013,35(1).

[3]王淼.獨立學院英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文、實習、就業(yè)一體化模式探索[J].海外英語,2014(6).

[4]成強,張奇惠.電子信息專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文改革實踐[J].紹興文理學院學報,2010,30(7).

篇4

一、畢業(yè)論文撰寫的要求

1 畢業(yè)論文要求科學性

無論是自然科學還是社會規(guī)律,必須根據(jù)科學研究這個總的任務(wù),對研究的對象進行探討,揭示規(guī)律。是科學的,經(jīng)得起推敲的,獨到見解也是建立在科學的基礎(chǔ)上的。必須從客觀實際出發(fā),從中引出符合實際的結(jié)論,不得帶有個人的好惡和偏見。在論據(jù)上作者必須經(jīng)過周密的觀察、實驗或者閱讀、思考。

2 畢業(yè)論文要求創(chuàng)見性

科學研究的任務(wù)是對新的知識的探求,在綜合別人研究的成果的基礎(chǔ)上去發(fā)現(xiàn)別人沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)過或者沒有涉及過的問題。科學研究的任務(wù)本身就決定了它必須去探索規(guī)律,必須實事求是??茖W研究本身又蘊涵了創(chuàng)見性,就是在綜合別人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上去發(fā)現(xiàn)別人沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)過或者沒有涉及過的問題。要有獨到的見解,要發(fā)現(xiàn)一個新的創(chuàng)見。

3 畢業(yè)論文要求專業(yè)性

我們不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域里的畢業(yè)生可以根據(jù)自己平時的積累和愛好選擇題目,基本上都是在自己的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)。不要離開自己的專業(yè)去寫別的跨專業(yè)的。

4 畢業(yè)論文要求通俗性

盡管我們要求論文的專業(yè)性,但語言要求通俗,這樣便于傳播和交流。

二、畢業(yè)論文的選題原則

1 要選擇有科學價值的問題,要選擇亟待解決的課題,減少選題的盲目性。

2 利用靈感來選題

看別人的評論過程中打開自己的思路,進行選題。在你看書、觀察或思考的過程中,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這個角度我可以深入下去??紤]選題的大小、難易度和利用自己的靈感思維來選題。

三、畢業(yè)論文的寫作

1 圍繞著論題去占有和選擇材料。

首先要進行寫作前的準備工作。先要圍繞著論題去占有和選擇材料。也就是說,當你的論題已經(jīng)確定以后,圍繞著立論去占有材料,多多益善的去看。積累材料,再有論點。要對研究對象的外延材料占有。在有材料的基礎(chǔ)上要選擇材料。材料多的情況下,你就選更好的材料。

2 選擇論文的類型

畢業(yè)論文的類型一是學術(shù)性論文,二是報告性論文。應用性比較少的科目來說比較容易做成學術(shù)型論文,應用性比較強的學科,論文一般寫成調(diào)查性的或總結(jié)性的報告型論文。論文類型的選擇,主要是看論文的對象。如果是宏觀的,我們就用綜述性的描述:如果是微觀的,涉及到某一個具體作家作品或某一個問題,我們就選擇論述性的。

3 要擬訂論文的寫作提綱

如果沒有完整的寫作提綱的話,邏輯思維就會出現(xiàn)偏差。把一個個提綱羅列出來,羅列出來以后看一下,總論點是什么,分論點是什么,圍繞著總論點有幾個分論點,分論點列出來了以后,一定要注意以綱帶目。提綱、材料等出來以后,就可以進行論文寫作了。

4 開始寫論文的時候,要注意標題擬制

論文的標題擬制,一般是兩個標題。如果是一個標題不太容易駕馭。一個標題往往是比較宏觀一些。當然也可以用正標題來表示論題的觀點,副標題表示研究的對象。題目擬制好了以后,論文還要注意要寫摘要,把整個論文的主要內(nèi)容說一下。在論文的扉頁上,先是題目,題目下面是摘要。論文提要主要交代清楚選題的背景、理由,論文的觀點和價值,簡明扼要的揭示出來,便于讀者(主要是導師、評委、編輯等)即使不閱讀全文就可以獲得最重要的信息。一般宇數(shù)不超過全文的5%.在摘要下面要有關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞把論文的主要觀點用3到5個詞提取出來。

5 論文的格式

論文的規(guī)格:正文長度800-2,000單詞。使用的語言:英語論文正文部分:

(1)題目大寫,三號字,新時代羅馬宇,大寫下面可寫一個附標題,4號字;

(2)作者名,5號字,班級,學號

(3)指導教師名,5號字,職稱

(4)摘要:300字左右,5號字,英文一頁,中文一頁

(5)關(guān)鍵詞:不能用專有名詞,詞與詞之間空四格,不加標點符號

(6)正文:用5號字,大部分標題用5號字黑體、小部分、小小部分。大部分用羅馬字,小不分用一般數(shù)字符號。

(7)參考文獻(Bibliog raphy):先英文,后中文,作者名,文章名,書刊名,出版社,地點,出版年月,

6 畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量標準

(1)選題恰當、與畢業(yè)生的知識水平與認識能力相當:

(2)內(nèi)容豐富、資料翔實、論證充分有力.

(3)敘述清楚、層次清晰而豐富,

(四)語言表達正確,無拼寫錯誤、語言錯誤控制在20-25%

篇5

產(chǎn)生是如何查閱,要對幾個知名數(shù)據(jù)庫了如指掌,如中國知網(wǎng)、萬方、維普等。另外國外的數(shù)據(jù)庫如Springer,非林格爾等,對于英文文獻也是很有幫助的。另外文獻的格式怎么寫,也需要進行了解,給大家推薦一個快速復制參考文獻格式的方法,即用百度學術(shù)。

一、關(guān)于閱讀文獻

通過看一些網(wǎng)上關(guān)于讀文獻的重要性和方法的文章我對這件事從態(tài)度上已經(jīng)有了一個比較深刻的認識,但是從他口中說出來在讓我在加深了以往認識的同時又多了些設(shè)身處地的感覺。

1.文獻量要大,雖然我也知道,但是沒有實際的感覺,按照他的說法就是要讀研究領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的幾乎全部文章,至少也有幾百篇。他舉H師兄的例子,他花了一年半的時間讀了上千篇文獻,使他對這個領(lǐng)域非常了解,因此他成為了一個優(yōu)秀的碩士,寫文章非常厲害,現(xiàn)在是優(yōu)秀的教師??梢哉f讀文獻階段是非常辛苦和枯燥的,但又是無法跨越的,這里面恐怕蘊含著量變導致質(zhì)變的原理了。>>推薦推薦《在畢業(yè)論文中導師的重要性》

2.對待文獻的態(tài)度,為什么我總覺得我想研究的問題都有人研究過了?要想有所創(chuàng)新,在讀文獻的時候就一定要以批判的眼光去分析它的目的、方法、過程和結(jié)論,要時刻在想“是這樣么”或是“這樣對么”或是“能否用其他方法來解決”,所謂“不破不立”就是這個道理。盡信書不如無書,如果認為文獻都是完美的,那么沒有繼續(xù)研究的必要了。雖然愛因斯坦說世界上99.9%的論文都是垃圾,他本人也只寫過10篇論文,但是仍然要而且不得不采取漸進式創(chuàng)新的方法,就是在他人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上進行自己的研究。

篇6

關(guān)鍵詞 醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè) 論文質(zhì)量 教學改革

中圖分類號:G424 文獻標識碼:A DOI:10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2015.03.059

Medicine Marketing Undergraduate Thesis

Quality Analysis and Teaching Reform

YANG Lin

(Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021)

Abstract Pharmaceutical marketing professional thesis is to examine the effect of graduates of professional learning important practical aspects, to fully reflect the student's comprehensive ability and self-learning ability, but also improve an important teaching graduates overall practice and innovation ability. Combined with the actual situation of pharmaceutical marketing professional school student thesis, analysis of nearly 153 graduates three basic conditions of pharmaceutical marketing and quality factors papers, thesis writing and defense against the existing problems, enhance substantive pharmaceutical marketing graduate thesis quality feasibility strategy.

Key words pharmaceutical marketing; thesis quality; teaching reform

醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文是培養(yǎng)學生綜合運用所學理論知識獨立分析和解決問題的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),為了調(diào)查論文質(zhì)量及發(fā)現(xiàn)論文寫作中存在的問題,抽取近三屆153篇畢業(yè)論文進行回顧性分析。大多數(shù)學生實習都集中于醫(yī)藥經(jīng)營企業(yè),論文選題與醫(yī)藥營銷實踐的相關(guān)度較高,論文的完成能夠體現(xiàn)醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)綜合訓練的要求。通過對該專業(yè)近三屆學生畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的分析,探討對本專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量影響的因素,通過加強對畢業(yè)論文寫作各環(huán)節(jié)的指導與控制,提高醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的整體水平。

1 醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文基本情況

近三屆醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文共153篇,其中2008級35篇,2009級36篇,2010級82篇。調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)153篇論文的總體評分情況,畢業(yè)論文的三種主要類型,畢業(yè)生實習單位、指導老師同畢業(yè)論文得分之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系等基本情況。2012、2013、2014屆醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的優(yōu)秀率分別為8.6%、13.9%、13.4%,良好率分別是85.7%、69.4%、76.8%,合格率占5.7%、16.7%、9.8%。綜合來看學生寫作流程基本規(guī)范,但是論文質(zhì)量有待提高。

醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文類型分為理論研究型、市場調(diào)查型和理論應用型。這三種類型在2012屆畢業(yè)論文中的比率分別占8.6%、2.8%、88.6%,在2013屆畢業(yè)論文中的比率為11.1%、2.7%、86.2%,在2014屆畢業(yè)論文中的比率占7.3%、3.6%、89.1%??傮w來看,近三屆學生的畢業(yè)論文以結(jié)合醫(yī)藥市場具體情況進行分析、運用營銷理論解決實際問題的應用型為主。

醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)生的實習單位分為醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)、國內(nèi)醫(yī)藥經(jīng)營企業(yè)、連鎖藥店和非醫(yī)藥企業(yè)這四種類型。綜合近三屆畢業(yè)論文總體成績來看,在醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)實習的畢業(yè)生論文中優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是59.3%、33.3%、7.4%,在國內(nèi)醫(yī)藥經(jīng)營企業(yè)實習的畢業(yè)生論文中優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是2.7%、90.5%、6.8%,在連鎖藥店實習的畢業(yè)生論文中優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是2.6%、82.0%、15.4%。在非醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實習的畢業(yè)生論文中沒有成績優(yōu)秀的,良好與合格比率是76.9%、23.1%。顯然在醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)實習的畢業(yè)生論文質(zhì)量最優(yōu)。

醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)生結(jié)合專業(yè)的實踐與應用特性,近三屆畢業(yè)生中111人由醫(yī)藥企業(yè)工作人員帶教,論文考評優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是11.7%、73.9%、14.4%,一些在連鎖藥店和非醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實習的學生因缺乏指導老師而由校內(nèi)專業(yè)課老師帶教,論文考評優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是14.3%、61.9%、23.8%。

2 醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量影響因素分析

通過對已經(jīng)畢業(yè)的近三屆醫(yī)藥營銷畢業(yè)論文的回顧性整理發(fā)現(xiàn),影響論文質(zhì)量的因素主要體現(xiàn)在學生對待畢業(yè)論文的態(tài)度、實習單位與指導老師這幾個主要的方面。

2.1 畢業(yè)生對待論文的態(tài)度

醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)本科學生大都在醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實習,實習單位對學生有著較為嚴格的績效考核制度,學生不能像在校期間學習一樣靜下心來寫論文。學生在畢業(yè)論文寫作階段面臨實習、考研及找工作等問題,往往忽視了畢業(yè)論文寫作。對2010級學生采用訪談法收集畢業(yè)生對于畢業(yè)論文的看法和投入精力后發(fā)現(xiàn),只有26%學生認為畢業(yè)論文很重要,47%的學生認為比較重要,27%的學生認為寫論文純屬完成任務(wù)。整體而言,學生在論文選題、開題、資料收集、論文撰寫、論文修改、畢業(yè)論文答辯等各個環(huán)節(jié)投入的時間和精力不足。

2.2 論文選題與論文質(zhì)量

從畢業(yè)論文總體來看,在論文選題方面大都集中于醫(yī)藥市場領(lǐng)域,絕大多數(shù)學生選擇了自己感興趣、與營銷工作聯(lián)系緊密并且自己可以駕馭完成的論題。論文的選題難度與論文完成的工作量較為適中。醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文以理論應用型為主,高達88.9%,市場調(diào)查型最少只占論文總量的2.6%。通過對2010級畢業(yè)生的抽查結(jié)果顯示,其中只有少部分學生在完成論文時,既查閱了文獻又進行了實際的市場調(diào)研。由于畢業(yè)論文的寫作設(shè)在最后一個學期,很多同學將絕大部分時間放在了實習和找工作上,在寫作時忽略了原始資料的獲取,只進行了二手文獻的查閱,影響了論文的說服力。核查得分較低的論文后發(fā)現(xiàn),個別學生論文選題過大,沒有針對本專業(yè)的具體情況,致使完成論文難度倍增,加之實習過程缺少必要的實踐訓練環(huán)節(jié),導致論文內(nèi)容空洞質(zhì)量不高。

2.3 指導老師與論文質(zhì)量

因為擴招本校醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)學生人數(shù)逐年增加,校內(nèi)指導老師無法完成全部學生的論文指導工作,因此從學生實習的醫(yī)藥企業(yè)聘請責任心強、與營銷實踐工作相關(guān)的人員作為校外指導老師。由醫(yī)藥企業(yè)人員和校內(nèi)專業(yè)課老師指導的畢業(yè)論文優(yōu)秀率分別為11.7%和14.3%,兩者之間沒有顯著差異。校內(nèi)教師對于營銷理論非常了解,但對具體操作卻不十分清楚,在指導學生的過程中會出現(xiàn)僅僅靠理論指導,而難以解決企業(yè)實際問題的情況。醫(yī)藥企業(yè)人員具備豐富的市場銷售經(jīng)驗,能夠指導學生將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實踐應用,從學生論文中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)與具體實習企業(yè)的緊密聯(lián)系,但是校外老師在論文格式規(guī)范、參考文獻等方面有待改進。

2.4 實習單位與論文質(zhì)量

實習單位對于畢業(yè)論文的優(yōu)良率有著重要的影響,從論文統(tǒng)計中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)、國內(nèi)醫(yī)藥企業(yè)、連鎖藥店實習的學生畢業(yè)論文優(yōu)秀率分別為 59.3%、2.7%、2.6%,在醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)實習的畢業(yè)生論文優(yōu)良率遠高于其他三類企業(yè),說明實習單位與畢業(yè)論文成績之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。從論文完成情況可以看出,醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)擁有良好的資金、技術(shù)等競爭優(yōu)勢,在人力資源培養(yǎng)方面投入力度大,在此實習的學生在市場銷售中得到了較好鍛煉,同時論文質(zhì)量整體較好。

3 提高醫(yī)藥營銷畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的改革對策

3.1 加強對畢業(yè)生論文寫作前的指導

針對2014屆畢業(yè)生進行的調(diào)研問卷顯示63%學生和47%指導教師認為影響論文質(zhì)量的最主要問題是缺少論文規(guī)范性寫作的指導和訓練。83%的學生認為學校有必要在實習前,給學生提供一些從開題報告到畢業(yè)論文的范文并加以講解,使學生掌握論文的寫作方法和注意事項,提高論文寫作質(zhì)量和水平。雖然歷屆學生在畢業(yè)論文前都會安排有實習動員,但由于時間緊,實習動員更多的是強調(diào)實習注意事項和對論文基本要求,沒有對論文寫作安排專門時間來指導和訓練。因此,畢業(yè)論文水平的提高必須通過一定的方式方法來逐步實現(xiàn)。

可行的方法是將論文寫作專項訓練課程的內(nèi)容劃分為課堂講授及寫作訓練兩部分。論文指導教師用5學時講完教學計劃的核心內(nèi)容,以綜述、開題報告、中英文摘要和論文寫作進行講授。核心內(nèi)容的講授采用案例式教學,以往屆畢業(yè)生中的優(yōu)秀論文為范文進行分析說明。剩余的時間通過給出學習要點及作業(yè)由學生自主完成。學生作業(yè)結(jié)合擬完成畢業(yè)論文題目,逐項提交與之有關(guān)的開題報告、中英文摘要和論文等。

3.2 論文寫作由校內(nèi)外導師共同指導

醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)的學生撰寫論文是要解決企業(yè)的實際問題,為了能夠使學生的論文反映醫(yī)藥企業(yè)的實際情況,實習企業(yè)應該為學生指派一位實踐指導教師,由校外老師負責指導學生的營銷實踐環(huán)節(jié),并為學生創(chuàng)造條件進行學位論文的撰寫。校內(nèi)老師指導學生完成與學位論文相關(guān)的表格填寫工作。這樣學生在收集數(shù)據(jù)、調(diào)查資料等方面就能從企業(yè)角度分析問題、解決問題,大大提高了學生對實際問題的理解程度,保證了學生在理論和實踐應用兩方面順利完成畢業(yè)論文的寫作。與此同時,這也將有利于加強校內(nèi)外交流與合作,提高本專業(yè)學生的培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量,向醫(yī)藥企業(yè)輸送合格的畢業(yè)生。

3.3 論文答辯方式的改革

醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)的學生答辯形式是人人參與答辯,答辯成績占最終論文總成績的40%,查閱總成績不高的學生論文后發(fā)現(xiàn),答辯成績也往往偏低。學院選擇在醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實踐經(jīng)驗豐富的管理人員和校內(nèi)專業(yè)課老師共同組成醫(yī)藥營銷論文答辯小組,每個小組由5名教師組成,每個答辯的學生需要回答2~3個問題,學生一一作答后,答辯教師根據(jù)學生的論文撰寫情況和答辯情況給出相應的成績,如果成績不合格需要進行二次答辯。為了避免這種效率不高的重復勞動,本專業(yè)將在下一屆畢業(yè)生中推行預答辯制度,即在正式答辯之前先組織學生預演全過程,幫助學生及時找到不足加以完善,以期在正式答辯中發(fā)揮出最佳水平。

畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量不僅能反映教師的教學和科研水平,而且還能反映一個學校人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)計劃的合理性。畢業(yè)論文是對大學四年學習成果的綜合性總結(jié),對學生利用所學知識分析問題和解決問題能力的檢驗,是大學生完成學業(yè)的標志性作業(yè)。通過校外實習就業(yè)一體化基地建設(shè)、實施論文寫作的綜合實訓指導,完善畢業(yè)論文過程化管理和嚴格地進行論文評閱與答辯等措施,將實質(zhì)性提高醫(yī)藥營銷專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量。

項目:西安醫(yī)學院2014年校級精品課程資助項目(XYZL2014-13)

參考文獻

[1] 鐘其鵬.近三十年來本科畢業(yè)論文環(huán)節(jié)教學研究述評[J].欽州學院學報,2010(2):79-83.

篇7

畢業(yè)論文

一、機電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展歷程及其趨勢

自電子技術(shù)一問世,電子技術(shù)與機械技術(shù)的結(jié)合就開始了,只是出現(xiàn)了半導體集成電路,尤其是出現(xiàn)了以微處理器為代表的大規(guī)模集成電路以后,"機電一體化"技術(shù)之后有了明顯進展,引起了人們的廣泛注意.

(一)"機電一體化"的發(fā)展歷程

1.數(shù)控機床的問世,寫下了"機電一體化"歷史的第一頁;

2.微電子技術(shù)為"機電一體化''''''''帶來勃勃生機;

3.可編程序控制器、"電力電子"等的發(fā)展為"機電一體化"提供了堅強基礎(chǔ);

4.激光技術(shù)、模糊技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)等新技術(shù)使"機電一體化"躍上新臺階.(二)"機電一體化"發(fā)展趨勢

1.光機電一體化.一般的機電一體化系統(tǒng)是由傳感系統(tǒng)、能源系統(tǒng)、信息處理系統(tǒng)、機械結(jié)構(gòu)等部件組成的.因此,引進光學技術(shù),實現(xiàn)光學技術(shù)的先天優(yōu)點是能有效地改進機電一體化系統(tǒng)的傳感系統(tǒng)、能源(動力)系統(tǒng)和信息處理系統(tǒng).光機電一體化是機電產(chǎn)品發(fā)展的重要趨勢.

2.自律分配系統(tǒng)化——柔性化.未來的機電一體化產(chǎn)品,控制和執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)有足夠的“冗余度”,有較強的“柔性”,能較好地應付突發(fā)事件,被設(shè)計成“自律分配系統(tǒng)”。在自律分配系統(tǒng)中,各個子系統(tǒng)是相互獨立工作的,子系統(tǒng)為總系統(tǒng)服務(wù),同時具有本身的“自律性”,可根據(jù)不同的環(huán)境條件作出不同反應。其特點是子系統(tǒng)可產(chǎn)生本身的信息并附加所給信息,在總的前提下,具體“行動”是可以改變的。這樣,既明顯地增加了系統(tǒng)的適應能力(柔性),又不因某一子系統(tǒng)的故障而影響整個系統(tǒng)。

3.全息系統(tǒng)化——智能化。今后的機電一體化產(chǎn)品“全息”特征越來越明顯,智能化水平越來越高。這主要收益于模糊技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)(尤其是軟件及芯片技術(shù))的發(fā)展。除此之外,其系統(tǒng)的層次結(jié)構(gòu),也變簡單的“從上到下”的形勢而為復雜的、有較多冗余度的雙向聯(lián)系。

4.“生物一軟件”化—仿生物系統(tǒng)化。今后的機電一體化裝置對信息的依賴性很大,并且往往在結(jié)構(gòu)上是處于“靜態(tài)”時不穩(wěn)定,但在動態(tài)(工作)時卻是穩(wěn)定的。這有點類似于活的生物:當控制系統(tǒng)(大腦)停止工作時,生物便“死亡”,而當控制系統(tǒng)(大腦)工作時,生物就很有活力。仿生學研究領(lǐng)域中已發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些生物體優(yōu)良的機構(gòu)可為機電一體化產(chǎn)品提供新型機體,但如何使這些新型機體具有活的“生命”還有待于深入研究。這一研究領(lǐng)域稱為“生物——軟件”或“生物系統(tǒng)”,而生物的特點是硬件(肌體)——軟件(大腦)一體,不可分割??磥?,機電一體化產(chǎn)品雖然有向生物系統(tǒng)化發(fā)展趨,但有一段漫長的道路要走。

5.微型機電化——微型化。目前,利用半導體器件制造過程中的蝕刻技術(shù),在實驗室中已制造出亞微米級的機械元件。當將這一成果用于實際產(chǎn)品時,就沒有必要區(qū)分機械部分和控制器了。屆時機械和電子完全可以“融合”,機體、執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、傳感器、cpu等可集成在一起,體積很小,并組成一種自律元件。這種微型機械學是機電一體化的重要發(fā)展方向。

三、典型的機電一體化產(chǎn)品

機電一體化產(chǎn)品分系統(tǒng)(整機)和基礎(chǔ)元、部件兩大類。典型的機電一體化系統(tǒng)有:數(shù)控機床、機器人、汽車電子化產(chǎn)品、智能化儀器儀表、電子排版印刷系統(tǒng)、cad/cam系統(tǒng)等。典型的機電一體化元、部件有:電力電子器件及裝置、可編程序控制器、模糊控制器、微型電機、傳感器、專用集成電路、伺服機構(gòu)等。這些典型的機電一體化產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展趨勢、市場前景分析從略。

四、北京發(fā)展“機電一體化”而臨的形勢和任務(wù)

機電一體化工作主要包括兩個層次:一是用微電子技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè),其目的是節(jié)能、節(jié)材,提高工效,提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,把傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)的技術(shù)進步提高一步;二是開發(fā)自動化、數(shù)字化、智能化機電產(chǎn)品,促進產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代。

前者是面上的工作,普及工作;后者是提高工作,深層次工作。

(一)北京“機電一體化”工作面臨的形勢

1.北京用微電子技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)的工作量大而廣,有難度

(1)在700余家北京市屬工業(yè)系統(tǒng)的企業(yè)中,有60%以上的企業(yè)用微電子技術(shù)改造機床設(shè)備、工業(yè)窯爐、風機電泵、生產(chǎn)過程的任務(wù)還未完成需要量的一半。

(2)北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)還有2000余臺機床設(shè)備亟需用微電子技術(shù)進行改造;在已改造的近6500臺機床設(shè)備中,大約有15%需進一步改造。

(3)北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)尚有近250座工業(yè)爐窯亟需用電子信息技術(shù)進行改造;且610座已改造過的工業(yè)爐窯也很有進一步應用模糊技術(shù)進行二次改造的必要。

(4)北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)cad應用還有較大差距。目前,北京工業(yè)品設(shè)計,cad應用率僅17%(而美、日等國已超過85%;國內(nèi)先進地區(qū)也超過了30%);cad的覆蓋率才達到11%(而全國cad應用工程領(lǐng)導小組指出,“八五”期間大中型企業(yè)要達到35%,中小型骨干企業(yè)要達到15%—20%;到“九五”時,按國務(wù)委員宋健的要求,基本上要甩掉繪圖板)。

(5)北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)共有改造價值的各種風機電泵裝機容量50萬千瓦,尚49萬多千瓦用變調(diào)速技術(shù)進行改造的任務(wù),占總?cè)蝿?wù)量的99.5%左右。

(6)工業(yè)是全市能源消耗大戶。1992年,北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)占全市能耗總量的59.5%。而北京是一個能源嚴重缺乏的城市,1992年北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)萬元產(chǎn)值能耗折合標煤為2.47噸,比上海的1.57噸高57%,比天津的2.15噸高14%,比先進的工業(yè)化國家高近9倍。因此,北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)節(jié)能降耗的任務(wù)非常重,而電力電子技術(shù)是節(jié)能降耗的王牌。

2.北京用機電一體化技術(shù)加速產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代,提高市場占有率的呼聲高,有壓力。北京市的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品大約有3萬種,每年約開發(fā)試制新產(chǎn)品3000種,更新周期很長。由于更新?lián)Q代速度跟不上市場變化的需要,影響了北京工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的競爭能力。

1993年,北京市工業(yè)系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)的機電一體化產(chǎn)品約837種,在當年生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品品種總數(shù)中僅占7.8%左右。其中:機械局系統(tǒng)主要產(chǎn)品約1200種,機電一體化產(chǎn)品不到150種機電一體化產(chǎn)品所占比例僅4%強;儀器儀表總公司系統(tǒng)主要產(chǎn)品350種,機電一體化產(chǎn)品210種,機電一體化產(chǎn)品所占比例為60%;輕工系統(tǒng)主要產(chǎn)品總數(shù)為649種,機電一體化、智能化產(chǎn)品15種,機電一體化、智能化產(chǎn)品所占比例約2.3%;汽車工業(yè)總公司系統(tǒng)平均每輛汽車的總成本為3.5萬元,每輛汽車平均裝用電子產(chǎn)品的費用約300元,不是總成本的1%;與國外約28%的先進水平相差甚遠;與國內(nèi)先進水平相差一半左右。

3.北京用機電一體化產(chǎn)品取代技術(shù)含量和附加值低,耗能、耗水、耗材高,污染、擾民產(chǎn)品的責任重,有意義。在北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)中,能耗、耗水大戶,對環(huán)境污染嚴重的企業(yè)還占相當大的比重,且不少地處城區(qū)和近郊區(qū)。近年來北京的工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)雖然幾經(jīng)調(diào)整,但由于多種原因,成效一直不夠明顯。這里面固然有上級領(lǐng)導部門的政出多門問題,有企業(yè)的“故土難離”“死守故業(yè)”問題,但不可否認也有優(yōu)化不出理想的產(chǎn)業(yè),優(yōu)選不出中意的產(chǎn)品問題。上佳的答案早就擺在了這些企業(yè)的面前,這就是發(fā)展機電一體化,開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)有關(guān)的機電一體化產(chǎn)品。機電一體化產(chǎn)品功能強、性能好、質(zhì)量高、成本低,且具有柔性,可根據(jù)市場需要和用戶反映時產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)過程做必要的調(diào)整、改革,而無須改換設(shè)備。這是解決機電產(chǎn)品多品種、少批量生產(chǎn)的重要出路。同時,可為傳統(tǒng)的機械工業(yè)注入新鮮血液,帶來新的活力,把機械生產(chǎn)從繁重的體力勞動中解脫出來,實現(xiàn)文明生產(chǎn)。

另外,從市場需求的角度看,由于我國研制、開發(fā)機電一體化產(chǎn)品的歷史不長,差距較大,許多產(chǎn)品的品種、數(shù)量、檔次、質(zhì)量都不能滿足需求,每年進口量都比較大,因此亟需發(fā)展。

(二)北京“機電一體化”工作的任務(wù)

北京在機電一體化方面的任務(wù)可以概括為兩句話:一句話是廣泛深入地用機電一體化技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè);另一句話是大張旗鼓地開發(fā)機電一體化產(chǎn)品,促進機電產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代。總的目的是促進機電一體產(chǎn)業(yè)的形成、為北京產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整作貢獻。

1.北京應用機電一體化技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的工作重點

(1)大力采用模糊技術(shù),工業(yè)爐窯改造應上新臺階

國內(nèi)外成功的范例表明,應用模糊技術(shù)改造工業(yè)爐窯比單純用計算機和pid技術(shù)好的多。因此,我們建議今后北京在改造工業(yè)爐窯時要大力推廣應用模糊技術(shù),到2000年,對應該進行改造但尚未改造的近250座工業(yè)爐窯要用模糊技術(shù)等先進電子信息技術(shù)改造完畢,其中采用模糊技術(shù)改造要在80%。

(2)積極采用數(shù)控技術(shù),機床高備改造要達新水平

對機床設(shè)備的改造重點應放在經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的推廣應用上。根據(jù)需要和可能,到1995年,北京應該改造的機床設(shè)備(8420臺)的改造率要達80%以上,到本世紀末要改造完畢。

(3)努力推廣變頻調(diào)速技術(shù),風機電泵改造要攀新高度

風機、電泵采用變頻調(diào)速后一般可節(jié)電20%以上,效果十分顯著。因此,在今后幾乎,北京要把交流變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)的推廣應用作為重點來抓。到1995年,應該采用變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)改造的風機、電泵要改造完60%;到本世紀末,北京的風機、電泵和其它調(diào)速電機要普遍;采用先進的變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)。

(4)優(yōu)先應用cad/cam技術(shù),工業(yè)設(shè)計水平提高要有新目標

北京工業(yè)產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代慢,設(shè)計工作跟不上需求變化是重要原因之一。目前,北京工業(yè)系統(tǒng)cad的應用率為17%,cad的覆蓋率為11%,到1995年應分別達到20%和15%,本世紀末,要力爭分別達到55%和45%。

2.北京機電一體化產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的奮斗目標

(1)總體目標:到1995年全市的機電一體化產(chǎn)品數(shù)應不少于800種,2000年,應不少于2000種,機電產(chǎn)品的機電一體化率分別達到25%和60%。

(2)單項目標:

·機床數(shù)控化率:1995年,產(chǎn)量數(shù)控化率達5%,產(chǎn)值數(shù)控化率達16%;2000年,分別達12%和40%。

·汽車電子化程度:1995年,平均每輛汽車上裝用和電子產(chǎn)品的費用不少于1000元,在整車成本中所占比例不低于3%;到2000年分別不少于3000元,不低于8%。

·plc的開發(fā)生產(chǎn)能力:“八五”期間,開發(fā)能力要穩(wěn)居全國首位;“九五”北京要成為全國主要的plc生產(chǎn)基地之一。

·“電力電子”開發(fā)生產(chǎn)能力:“八五”期間掌握第二代電力電子器件的批量生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和第三代電力電子器件的開發(fā)技術(shù)?!熬盼濉逼陂g第三代電力電子器件的生產(chǎn)要形成經(jīng)濟批量。在電力電子產(chǎn)品應用方面,“八五”期間,開關(guān)電源、高頻電源、逆變電源要成為拳頭產(chǎn)品;交流變頻調(diào)速裝置要達到批量生產(chǎn)程度;高頻電子鎮(zhèn)流器要能出口創(chuàng)匯;“九五”,北京要形成一個具有電力電子器件、電力電子裝置研制、生產(chǎn)、開發(fā)、推廣綜合配套能力的高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)。

·模糊控制器的開發(fā)生產(chǎn)能力:“八五”要把北京建成全國模糊技術(shù)控制器的開發(fā)生產(chǎn)基地,開發(fā)出用于工業(yè)爐窯改造,壓力、溫度、流量控制的模糊技術(shù)控制系統(tǒng)典型產(chǎn)品來;交逐步將模糊技術(shù)應用于家用電器中。1995年,空調(diào)器、洗衣機、電冰箱、吸塵器、電風扇等家用電器產(chǎn)品模糊控制器的普及率要分別達到15、20%、5%、15%、8%左右。到本世紀末,北京家用電器模糊技術(shù)普及率要達到50%以上。

·其它機電一體化產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)生產(chǎn)能力:微機控制多色印刷機要穩(wěn)居全國第一;電子醫(yī)療儀器的開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)爭取在“八五”有較大突破,“九五”在品種和產(chǎn)量上全國領(lǐng)先;在“八五”期間,以30萬千瓦汽輪發(fā)電機組為代表的發(fā)電設(shè)備要形成綜合配套能力,打出規(guī)模效益來;數(shù)字化、智能化儀器儀表,自動化裝置要上品種、上批量……

總之,機電一體化技術(shù)既是振興傳統(tǒng)機電工業(yè)的新鮮血液和源動力,又是開啟北京機電行業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整大門的鑰匙。如果北京完成好上面所建議的“機電一體化”發(fā)展兩方面的目標,那么,到本世紀末,北京就會形成一個銷售額超過200億元的機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)。其中,數(shù)控機床、機電一體化印刷系統(tǒng)、新型電子醫(yī)療設(shè)備和數(shù)字化智能化儀器儀表等機電一體化裝備銷售額可超過150億元;“電力電子”的銷售額可超過20億元;plc模糊控制器等銷售額可超過15億元;汽車電子化、自動化智能化輕工民用電器產(chǎn)品銷售額可超過25億元。機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)不僅是北京高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的主力軍,也是機電行業(yè)停工、待產(chǎn)、明虧、潛虧企業(yè)的出路所在。

五、北京發(fā)展“機電一體化”的對策

(一)加強統(tǒng)籌安排,協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展計劃

目前,北京地區(qū)從事“機電一體化”研究開發(fā)及生產(chǎn)的單位很多。各自都有一套發(fā)展策略和計是。同時,市政府各有關(guān)委、辦、局(總公司)也有不少相應的發(fā)展計劃與規(guī)劃。各單位的計劃由于受各自立足點、著眼點的限制,難免只考慮局部利益,市政府各主管部門的有關(guān)計劃和規(guī)劃,也有統(tǒng)一考慮不足,統(tǒng)籌安排不夠的問題,全市缺少綜觀全局的有權(quán)威性的發(fā)展計劃和戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃。因此,建議市政府責成有關(guān)機構(gòu)在進行深入調(diào)查研究、科學分析的基礎(chǔ)上,制定出北京統(tǒng)管全局的“機電一體化”研究、開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)計劃和規(guī)劃,避免開發(fā)上重復,生產(chǎn)上撞車!

(二)強化行業(yè)管理,發(fā)揮“協(xié)會”作用

目前,北京“機電一體化”較熱,而按目前的行業(yè)劃分方法和管理體制,“政出多門”是難哆的。因此,北京有必要明確一個“機電一體化”行業(yè)的統(tǒng)管機構(gòu),根據(jù)目前國家政治體制改革和經(jīng)濟體制改革的精神,以及機電一體化行業(yè)特點,我們建議,盡快加強北京機電一體化協(xié)會的建設(shè),賦予其行業(yè)管理職能。

“協(xié)會”要進一步擴大領(lǐng)導機構(gòu)——理事會的代表層面和復蓋面,要加強辦公室、秘書處的建設(shè);要通過其精明干練的辦事機構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟實體,組織“行業(yè)”發(fā)展計劃、戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的擬制;指導行業(yè)布點布局的調(diào)整,進行發(fā)展突破口的選擇,抓好重點工程的試點和有關(guān)項目的發(fā)標、招標工作……

(三)優(yōu)化發(fā)展環(huán)境、增大支持力度

優(yōu)化發(fā)展環(huán)境指通過宣傳群眾,造成一種社會上下、企業(yè)內(nèi)外都重視、支持“機電一體化”發(fā)展的氛圍,如盡快為外商到北京投資發(fā)展“機電一體化”產(chǎn)業(yè)提供方便;盡可能為興辦開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)機電一體化產(chǎn)品的高新技術(shù)企業(yè)開綠燈;盡力為開發(fā)、生產(chǎn)機電一體化產(chǎn)品調(diào)配好資源要素等。

增大支持力度,在技術(shù)政策上,要嚴格限制耗電、耗水、耗材高的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展,對未采用機電一體化技術(shù)落后產(chǎn)品限制強制淘汰;大力提倡用機電一體化技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)進行改造,對有關(guān)機電一體化技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)乾地改造,對有關(guān)技術(shù)開發(fā)、應用項目優(yōu)先立項、優(yōu)先支持,對在技術(shù)開發(fā)、應用中做出貢獻的單位領(lǐng)導、科技人員進行表彰獎勵等。

在經(jīng)濟政策上,要多給機電一體化科研攻關(guān)課題、開發(fā)應用項目利用科技專項基金和科技三項費用的機會;銀行發(fā)設(shè)貸款要多向機電一體化技術(shù)改進、生產(chǎn)合資和機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)?;ㄔO(shè)項目上傾斜;成立“機電一體化”發(fā)展基金,支持機電一體化生產(chǎn)發(fā)展等。

(四)突出發(fā)展重點,兼顧“兩個層次”

機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)復蓋面非常廣,而我們的財力、人力和物力是有限的,因此我們在抓機電一體化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展時不能面面俱到、平鋪直敘,而應分清主次,大膽取舍,有所為,有所不為。要注意抓兩個層次上的工作。第一個層次是“面上”的工作,即用電子信息技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)進行改造,在傳統(tǒng)的機電設(shè)備上植入或嫁接上微電子(計算機)裝置,使“機械”和“電子”技術(shù)在淺層次上結(jié)合。第二個層次是“提高”工作,即在新產(chǎn)品設(shè)計之初,就把“機械”與“電子”統(tǒng)一起來進行考慮,使“機械”與“電子”密不可分,深度結(jié)合,生產(chǎn)出來的新產(chǎn)品起碼正做到機電一體化。

我們認為,北京“機電一體化”發(fā)展,當務(wù)之急,重中之重是:

抓緊開發(fā)生產(chǎn)gto、gtr、vdmos等新型電力電子器件及其應用裝置——交流變頻調(diào)速器、逆變焊機、高頻電子鎮(zhèn)流器等,用電力電子技術(shù)進行的節(jié)能、節(jié)材為主要目的的技術(shù)改造;

抓緊推廣應用經(jīng)濟型數(shù)控系統(tǒng),改造機床設(shè)備;開發(fā)生產(chǎn)低、中檔數(shù)控系統(tǒng);

篇8

論文致謝一:

Thecompletionofthethesisisattributedtomanypeople'ssupportandencouragement.

Firstandforemost,Iwanttoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorCaoDaogen,whosepatientguidance,valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementmakemesuccessfullycompletethisthesis.Hisconscientiousacademicspiritandmodest,open-mindedpersonalityinspiremebothinacademicstudyanddailylife.Hegivesmemuchhelpandadviceduringthewholeprocessofmywriting,whichhasmademyaccomplishmentspossible.

Also,Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversity.Theirinstructionshavehelpedbroadenmyhorizonandtheirenlighteningteachinghasprovidedmewithasolidfoundationtoaccomplishthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvalueformyfuturecareerandacademicresearch.

Mythanksalsogototheauthorswhosebooksandarticleshavegivenmeinspirationinthewritingofthispaper.

Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthankstomyparents,whosecareandsupportmotivatemetomoveonandmakemewanttobeabetterperson.

論文致謝二:

Uponfinishingthisthesis,Iwouldliketoexpressmygreatgratitudetowardsallthosewhohaveofferedmesincereassistanceinthethreeyears.

Firstandforemost,myheartythanksgotomysupervisor,ProfessorZhangRuwen,whohasgivenmeinsightfulsuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Furthermore,ProfessorZhang'spainstakingteachingandvaluableadvicehaveprofoundlycontributedtothecompletionofthepresentthesis.

Also,Iownmythankstoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtandenlighteningmeduringmystudiesinthecampus,forguidingmeinthefieldofresearchwork,whichisbothchallengingandfantastic.TheexperienceandprofitIobtainedwillbeofgrandimportancetomyfurtherstudies.

Finally,Iamalsogratefultomyfamilyandfriends,whoencourageandsupportmeandsharewithmemyworries,frustrations,andhappiness.

論文致謝三:

Iwouldlikeexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhooffergreathelpformythesis.

Firstandforemost,mydeepestgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorYuMuhong,forhisfather-likeencouragementandguidance.Heprovidedmewithabundantsuggestionsandpricelesscriticismsformywritingofthethesis.Butforhisconstantpatientguidanceandenlightenment,thethesiswouldhavebecomeamissionimpossible.

MysincerethanksalsogototheteachersfromtheSchoolofForeignLanguagesofZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,whojointlyledmeintotheholytempleofacademicfield.Here,IwanttosendmygratefulnesstothoserespectedteacherslikeProf.WangBaorong,Prof.LiChangbao,Prof.ChenXianghong,Prof.ShaoYouxue,Prof.TengChao,Prof.CenQunxiaetc.Thankyouforyourbeingwithmeandbeingthewitnessesforthebirth,growthandperfectionofmythesis.

Ifeelindebtedtomyparents,withouttheirmentalandmaterialsupport,Icouldbarelyfinishthethesisontime.

Finally,mythanksshouldbesenttoallmyclassmates,fortheirendlesssupportandwarmhearts,makingmefeellikelivinginaunitedbigfamily.

論文致謝四:

Thecompletionofthethesisisattributedtomanypeople'ssupportandencouragement.

Firstandforemost,Iwanttoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorCaoDaogen,whosepatientguidance,valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementmakemesuccessfullycompletethisthesis.Hisconscientiousacademicspiritandmodest,open-mindedpersonalityinspiremebothinacademicstudyanddailylife.Hegivesmemuchhelpandadviceduringthewholeprocessofmywriting,whichhasmademyaccomplishmentspossible.

Also,Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversity.Theirinstructionshavehelpedbroadenmyhorizonandtheirenlighteningteachinghasprovidedmewithasolidfoundationtoaccomplishthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvalueformyfuturecareerandacademicresearch.

Mythanksalsogototheauthorswhosebooksandarticleshavegivenmeinspirationinthewritingofthispaper.

Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthankstomyparents,whosecareandsupportmotivatemetomoveonandmakemewanttobeabetterperson.

論文致謝五:

Uponfinishingthisthesis,Iwouldliketoexpressmygreatgratitudetowardsallthosewhohaveofferedmesincereassistanceinthethreeyears.

Firstandforemost,myheartythanksgotomysupervisor,ProfessorZhangRuwen,whohasgivenmeinsightfulsuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Furthermore,ProfessorZhang'spainstakingteachingandvaluableadvicehaveprofoundlycontributedtothecompletionofthepresentthesis.

Also,Iownmythankstoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtandenlighteningmeduringmystudiesinthecampus,forguidingmeinthefieldofresearchwork,whichisbothchallengingandfantastic.TheexperienceandprofitIobtainedwillbeofgrandimportancetomyfurtherstudies.

Finally,Iamalsogratefultomyfamilyandfriends,whoencourageandsupportmeandsharewithmemyworries,frustrations,andhappiness.

論文致謝六:

Iwouldlikeexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhooffergreathelpformythesis.

Firstandforemost,mydeepestgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorYuMuhong,forhisfather-likeencouragementandguidance.Heprovidedmewithabundantsuggestionsandpricelesscriticismsformywritingofthethesis.Butforhisconstantpatientguidanceandenlightenment,thethesiswouldhavebecomeamissionimpossible.

MysincerethanksalsogototheteachersfromtheSchoolofForeignLanguagesofZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,whojointlyledmeintotheholytempleofacademicfield.Here,IwanttosendmygratefulnesstothoserespectedteacherslikeProf.WangBaorong,Prof.LiChangbao,Prof.ChenXianghong,Prof.ShaoYouxue,Prof.TengChao,Prof.CenQunxiaetc.Thankyouforyourbeingwithmeandbeingthewitnessesforthebirth,growthandperfectionofmythesis.

篇9

市場營銷論文2000字(一):基于學生職業(yè)能力培養(yǎng)目標的市場營銷教學探微論文

摘要基于學生職業(yè)能力培養(yǎng)目標在市場營銷教學模式改革的意義,本文將會對市場營銷教學模式進行創(chuàng)新研究,使得能夠在加強培養(yǎng)學生職業(yè)能力的力度時,達到學生市場發(fā)展適應程度的增強,以此來實現(xiàn)對市場營銷專業(yè)學生綜合能力的培養(yǎng)。

關(guān)鍵詞職業(yè)能力市場營銷目標培養(yǎng)

中圖分類號:G642文獻標識碼:A

教育是對各領(lǐng)域人才進行培養(yǎng)的一大重要工程。在現(xiàn)如今這個迅速發(fā)展的時代,消費者的需求也在不斷的變化,而在這樣的變化當中,最需要的就是綜合素質(zhì)較強的營銷人才。基于此,各個高校在對市場營銷專業(yè)學生進行培養(yǎng)時,就要以現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟環(huán)境為依據(jù),以市場營銷專業(yè)的實踐性和應用性等特點為前提,對市場營銷專業(yè)教學模式進行創(chuàng)新,使得課堂教學能夠在與市場需求的變革相適應的情況下,實現(xiàn)市場營銷專業(yè)學生對市場發(fā)展了解程度的加強,從而達到學生專業(yè)知識和職業(yè)技能的高效提升。

1基于學生職業(yè)能力培養(yǎng)目標的市場營銷教學模式改革的意義

市場營銷專業(yè)實際上是外來專業(yè),其在我國高等教育學科專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的時間并不如其他專業(yè)時間那樣長,以致在實際的市場營銷專業(yè)學科體系建構(gòu)中存在著較多的問題。而隨著我國市場經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易的不斷發(fā)展,我國對市場營銷專業(yè)人才的需求和要求也在不斷的提高。因而在這樣的情況下,就需要高校市場營銷專業(yè)教師能夠以學生的職業(yè)能力為培養(yǎng)目標,科學合理的改革其教學模式,使得能夠在將專業(yè)人才的培養(yǎng)效益進行提高的情況下,對市場需求進行相應的滿足,從而在實現(xiàn)教育在社會功能方面作用的發(fā)揮時,達到市場營銷專業(yè)人才可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目的。當然,要想保證市場營銷專業(yè)人才的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,就需要對學生的持續(xù)學習能力提供相關(guān)保障?;诖?,市場營銷專業(yè)教師在培養(yǎng)學生時,就要對營銷人才在市場動態(tài)的分析和掌握方面給予重視,并在教學過程中,有意識的培養(yǎng)學生的相關(guān)經(jīng)驗和市場分析能力。使得能夠在實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)職業(yè)發(fā)展能力營銷人才這一培養(yǎng)目標時,達到營銷人才對市場發(fā)展的有效適應

2基于學生職業(yè)能力培養(yǎng)目標的市場營銷教學策略

2.1在市場營銷教學中進行體驗式教學

體驗式教學是一種讓學生以自我為中心,對自己所需的專業(yè)知識進行主動學習,并對學生在學習中所進行的體驗給予重視的教學方式。這種教學方式可以讓學生模擬出市場的真實情景,并在以不同情景的模擬為依據(jù)的情況下,設(shè)定出相應的任務(wù)角色,使得能夠在由學生進行角色扮演時,實現(xiàn)學生對營銷活動中存在的問題的有效處理。如此就不僅可以將真實的市場環(huán)境為學生模擬出來,還能夠幫助學生在體驗過程中,理論知識運用能力的提高,從而在加強學生對營銷知識技能的掌握時,實現(xiàn)對學生職業(yè)能力的培養(yǎng)。

2.2在實際教學中改進現(xiàn)代化教學手段

隨著現(xiàn)如今互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代的到來,各種課程教學也已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了線上和線下的結(jié)合。在這種結(jié)合當中,市場營銷專業(yè)的教學也應用進了多種的現(xiàn)代化教學技術(shù),像ERP的沙盤模擬、MOOC平臺的優(yōu)質(zhì)教學視頻、理財電子對抗實訓室的運用以及營銷類電子軟件的教學應用等等,這些都是現(xiàn)代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的教學手段。在這樣的教學手段當中,市場營銷專業(yè)的實踐性特點和作用就被充分的發(fā)揮了出來,其不僅能夠?qū)I(yè)課程中教學案例的選取起著決定性作用,還能夠在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)和教學課堂中實現(xiàn)對各種最新信息的有效傳遞?;诖耍托枰袌鰻I銷專業(yè)教師能夠通過對市場營銷現(xiàn)代化教學手段的改進,加強對學生專業(yè)知識技能的講解,從而能夠在提高學生專業(yè)知識的掌握能力時,實現(xiàn)市場營銷專業(yè)教學效率以及學生相關(guān)職業(yè)能力的提升。

2.3在課堂教學中促進教學案例的更新

在市場營銷教學當中,教師應該將學生掌握的理論知識向相關(guān)技能進行轉(zhuǎn)變,而在這樣的轉(zhuǎn)變過程中,需要教師進行相應的案例教學。在市場營銷教學中,案例教學就是不可缺少的課堂實踐環(huán)節(jié),這個環(huán)節(jié)可以實現(xiàn)對學生理論知識運用能力和分析能力的培養(yǎng)?;诖?,教師在選擇案例時,應當將具備新穎性和實用性的案例選取出來,這樣就可以激發(fā)學生對案例學習的興趣。如果說教師在對案例進行選取時,選擇的是最近發(fā)生的案例,那么學生在對其進行體驗和感受的同時就會增加自己當事人的代入感,進而也就可以實現(xiàn)案例分析教學情境性的增強。同時,教師在選擇了案例之后,還要對案例的分析和講解給予充足的重視。在講解案例時,教師應該引導每一位學生進行積極發(fā)言,并對學生不同的思考角度給予鼓勵,使得能夠在拓展學生思維方式和思維空間的同時,促進學生思維能力的提高。而當學生分析完成之后,教師就需要對學生進行啟發(fā)和分析,并對自身觀點的相關(guān)信息進行整理,然后在總結(jié)歸納對案例分析的講解時,促進學生對理論知識和實踐技能的有效結(jié)合。通過這樣一系列的方式,就能夠在培養(yǎng)學生思維能力的情況下,實現(xiàn)學生的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,從而達到學生綜合能力的提升。

3結(jié)語

總之,高校的市場營銷專業(yè)教師在對學生進行教學時,需要將對學生職業(yè)能力的培養(yǎng)作為教學目標,然后在以市場發(fā)展需求為基礎(chǔ)的情況下,培養(yǎng)學生的市場適應能力。如此方能在提高學生職業(yè)能力的同時,實現(xiàn)學生在市場營銷方面的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

市場營銷畢業(yè)論文范文模板(二):大數(shù)據(jù)環(huán)境下的市場營銷方式改革發(fā)展新方向論文

【摘要】隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展,人們越來越關(guān)注市場的變化,大數(shù)據(jù)逐漸滲透到各行各業(yè),為企業(yè)的發(fā)展注入了新的活力,管理人員也應及時關(guān)注市場的變化,收集數(shù)據(jù)、分析數(shù)據(jù),并且為企業(yè)找準未來的發(fā)展方向,盡可能避免發(fā)展過程中可能會遇到的風險,從而促進創(chuàng)新性發(fā)展。

【關(guān)鍵詞】大數(shù)據(jù)市場營銷改革發(fā)展

前言

近年來,大數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)展勢頭迅猛,市場營銷方式也發(fā)生了極大變革,通過大數(shù)據(jù)分析各行各業(yè)的變化,為企業(yè)發(fā)展精確定位客戶群,從而有效的提升企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟效益,大數(shù)據(jù)在市場營銷中的作用也將持續(xù)擴大,利用有價值的信息做出科學的決策,推動企業(yè)的發(fā)展。

1.大數(shù)據(jù)的特點和價值

大數(shù)據(jù)在市場營銷方式改革中發(fā)揮著重大作用,有效的推動企業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。大數(shù)據(jù)具有信息量大,數(shù)據(jù)信息全面等特點,并且能夠減少極端數(shù)據(jù)對企業(yè)的影響,確保所得到的信息的高效準確,同時采取計算機記錄信息的方式,能夠有效的避免人工收集信息的麻煩,提升數(shù)據(jù)的準確性,分析市場需求、了解市場的情況,及時預測市場的發(fā)展趨勢,從而為企業(yè)市場營銷方式的變革提供了借鑒,對于市場營銷的定位更加準確和高效,有力的促進了經(jīng)濟的增長。

2.大數(shù)據(jù)時代市場營銷面臨的挑戰(zhàn)

2.1數(shù)據(jù)的真實性難以保障。大數(shù)據(jù)背景下,信息的數(shù)量和種類眾多,并且難以區(qū)分真實性,企業(yè)想要獲得準確真實的信息更是比較困難,大數(shù)據(jù)雖然具有海量收集數(shù)據(jù)的特點,但也無法通過分析抽樣數(shù)據(jù)的方式,得到當前環(huán)境下的預測信息,從而導致未能對客戶進行更加詳細準確的定位,制定的營銷方式不科學,增加了經(jīng)營風險。[1]

2.2成本增加。大數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)本身的成本就比較高,并且企業(yè)還要招聘專業(yè)的人員來負責這一領(lǐng)域,增加了人力成本,引入各類專業(yè)技術(shù),對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析和管理,才能夠保持大數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)的運營,因此增加了企業(yè)的成本支出。

2.3數(shù)據(jù)的安全性降低。在信息時代,大數(shù)據(jù)信息的傳輸主要依靠互聯(lián)網(wǎng),因此數(shù)據(jù)的安全性得不到根本的保障,很多企業(yè)也因為缺乏足夠的經(jīng)驗而使自身的發(fā)展受到威脅,同時計算機設(shè)備與信息技術(shù)在發(fā)展的過程中很容易遭受黑客襲擊,造成重要信息泄露,影響了市場營銷數(shù)據(jù)信息的安全性,不利于市場營銷數(shù)據(jù)的分析。

3.大數(shù)據(jù)對市場營銷方式變革的影響

3.1產(chǎn)品策略。我國目前經(jīng)濟發(fā)展較為穩(wěn)定,人們的經(jīng)濟水平提升,對于產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量也有了更高的要求,并且逐漸向產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新靠攏,個性化的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)已經(jīng)成為了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要部分,市場影響的方式也發(fā)生了變革,通過大數(shù)據(jù)來開展個性化的營銷,掌握消費者的購物習慣和消費喜愛,了解目前市場消費的趨勢,從而幫助商品營銷者更好地規(guī)劃營銷計劃,最終制定出順應市場發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品策略,促進產(chǎn)品的銷售和經(jīng)濟的增長。[2]

3.2渠道策略。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及,市場營銷的方式也逐漸發(fā)生了變化,從過去的線下營銷為主轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫€上營銷為主,通過使用大數(shù)據(jù)來分析消費者線上的消費習慣和購買力,了解消費者的潛在需求,從而幫助市場營銷人員制定出專業(yè)化的營銷策略,不斷擴展營銷渠道,對于線上的產(chǎn)品進行詳細的分析,準確定位,從而幫助企業(yè)制定出更加優(yōu)質(zhì)的線上營銷管理模式,在大數(shù)據(jù)時代下,明確自身的發(fā)展定位,從而有針對性的投放廣告,實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的廣泛營銷,增加曝光度,也提高產(chǎn)品的變現(xiàn)能力,為企業(yè)的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。[3]

4.大數(shù)據(jù)時代下市場營銷新思路

4.1挖掘潛在客戶。利用大數(shù)據(jù)挖掘出潛在的客戶,幫助企業(yè)在激烈的市場競爭力占有一席之地,因此,除了提供良好的服務(wù)之外,潛在客戶的挖掘也是十分重要的。企業(yè)應利用好大數(shù)據(jù)這一手段,挖掘潛在的客戶群體,拓寬自身的市場,從而增加企業(yè)利潤;[4]還應利用大數(shù)據(jù)對各種媒體、軟件進行分析,與擁有穩(wěn)定用戶的APP建立合作,為企業(yè)做營銷,也可以自主篩選潛在的客戶,為客戶推送與其相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,從而使企業(yè)的發(fā)展更加迅速有力。

4.2開展精準營銷。近年來,市場競爭日趨激烈,如果沒有穩(wěn)定的客戶群體或者是自身過硬的軟實力,都會快速被市場所淘汰,因此,企業(yè)必須了解客戶的喜好與需求,這樣才能將自己合適的產(chǎn)品推廣給客戶,同時還應為客戶建立消費檔案,對于不同年齡層和不同職業(yè)的客戶做出詳細的規(guī)劃,使用大數(shù)據(jù),將大量的客戶信息進行精準的分析,對客戶進行科學、合理的定位,從而有助于為客戶提供更加專業(yè)化的服務(wù),實現(xiàn)精準營銷;[5]通過大數(shù)據(jù)分析客戶所瀏覽的網(wǎng)頁,所購買商品的數(shù)量和種類,從而精準掌握客戶的消費習慣與消費偏好,也幫助設(shè)計者設(shè)計出客戶更加樂意購買的產(chǎn)品,有助于個性化定制服務(wù)的開展,從而贏得客戶信任,提升客戶滿意度,使精準營銷的作用得到充分的發(fā)揮。

4.3產(chǎn)品交叉銷售。通過開展產(chǎn)品交叉銷售,能夠進一步掌握消費者的潛在消費需求,加之通過大數(shù)據(jù)掌握的消費者的消費習慣,消費行為更信息,對這些數(shù)據(jù)進行綜合性的分析與考量,可以為消費者提供更加專業(yè)的商品組合,使消費者增加消費需求,了解消費者的消費興趣,也有助于營銷人員制定出最佳的商品營銷方案,改善商品營銷管理模式,從而有助于實現(xiàn)商品的交叉銷售,提升消費者滿意度,也增加企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟利潤,通過目前的發(fā)展情況來看,這一營銷方式取得了不錯的效果,在日后的發(fā)展中只要堅持下去,就能夠擴展發(fā)展空間,取得更大的經(jīng)濟效益。

篇10

關(guān)鍵詞:信守內(nèi)容意旨;遵從譯語習慣;切合語體語域

Abstract:Transmigration,anabstractwholeatlarge,istoogoodtobepracticalandsuchconcretesubwholesunder“goodtranslation”asfidelitytothesource-languagetextincontentandintention,grammaticalnormality,andlexicalappropriatenessaremoreworkableascardinalprinciplesoftranslation.

Keywords:fidelity;grammaticalnormality;lexicalappropriateness

翻譯是把一種語言文字所表達的意義用另一種語言文字表達出來,具體說來,就是“換易言語使相解也”。①但是,如何用另一種語言文字把一種語言文字所表達的意義表達出來?“換易言語”之后是否能“相解”?“相解”的程度如何?這些問題歸結(jié)起來無疑就是:翻譯的標準是什么?翻譯的方法應如何?

嚴復是中國近代第一位系統(tǒng)介紹西方學術(shù)的啟蒙思想家,在介紹西學的同時提出了翻譯的標準—“信、達、雅”,對中國現(xiàn)代的翻譯實踐和理論研究影響巨大,“相信只要中國還有翻譯,總還會有人念‘三字經(jīng)’!”②

雖然嚴復持論有故,但認真審視不難發(fā)現(xiàn),“信、達、雅”實質(zhì)上既不是具有高度概括力的抽象標準,也不是具有切實指導性的具體標準,“從純理論的角度講,把信、達、雅并列起來作為翻譯標準是具有邏輯缺陷的,因為這似乎意味著:原文不達,也可以故意使之‘達’;原文不雅,也可以故意使之‘雅’。那么,這樣和‘信’字,豈不自相矛盾?”③

《論語·雍也》說“質(zhì)勝文則野,文勝質(zhì)則史”,意謂樸實的內(nèi)容多于文采就未免粗野,文采多于樸實的內(nèi)容又未免虛浮??鬃犹岢拔馁|(zhì)彬彬”,反對浮華的辭藻,所以說“辭達而已矣”—言辭足以達意就可以了?!稜栄拧沸蝾}下疏說:“爾,近也;雅,正也。言可近而取正也?!薄墩撜Z·述而》說“子所雅言,《詩》、《書》、執(zhí)禮,皆雅言也”,其中的“雅言”是指區(qū)別于各地方言的“諸夏的話”—標準語,相當于現(xiàn)在所說的“普通話”。但是,嚴復的“雅”指的不是“利俗文字”—大眾的語言,而是“漢以前字法句法”。為了掩蓋“達”的矛盾,嚴復在“暢達”(如“顧信矣不達,雖譯猶不譯也,則達尚焉”)和“表達”(如“題曰達旨,不云筆譯”)之間周旋,取便發(fā)揮,借“辭達而已”求“信”—“為達即所以為信也”,借“言之無文,行之不遠”求“雅”—“信達之外,求其爾雅”。不難看出,嚴復的邏輯是:要“信”則必須“達”,要“達”則必須“雅”,換言之,“雅”是“達”的條件,“達”是“信”的條件,“為達”最終成了“求雅”的借口:“用漢以前字法句法,則為達易;用利俗文字則求達難。”

與“并世譯才”的林紓相比,嚴復所譯的書總共不過八九種,而在其所譯的這八九種書中,只有《群學肄言》、《原富》、《群己權(quán)界論》和《社會通詮》四種“略近直譯,少可譏議”,④此前“題曰達旨,不云筆譯,取便發(fā)揮,實非正法”,⑤此后“中間義忄旨,則承用原書;而所引喻設(shè)譬,則多用己意更易。蓋吾之為書,取足喻人而已,謹合原文與否,所不論也”。⑥嚴復雖然提出“信、達、雅”,但他本人并未完全履行。

嚴復是在譯介西學的時候提出“信、達、雅”的,因此“信、達、雅”作為翻譯的標準完備與否,必須結(jié)合當時特定的歷史背景來審視,不能簡而單之地就事論事,從而忽視嚴復“辛苦辶多譯之本心”。

嚴復“竊以謂文辭者,載理想之羽翼”。⑦于是,從“達”來看,洋務(wù)派和傳教士翻譯的書“不合師授次第”,“不合政學綱要”,有?!爸袑W為體,西學為用”的目的,因而“非命脈之所在”。相比之下,“新西學”的命脈之所在則是“維新”,即運用進化論、天賦人權(quán)來反對天命論、君權(quán)神授論,用自然科學、機械唯物論來論證無神論,從而“開民智,強國基”。正是“于自強保種之事”,嚴復才“反復三致意焉”。從根本上說,嚴復的“辛苦辶多譯之本心”是“取便發(fā)揮”,其所謂“達旨”是“旨”在“達”資產(chǎn)階級民主主義理論的“民權(quán)平等之說”、“資本主義上升時期的自由主義與功利主義學說和自然科學及其方法論。

從“雅“來看,嚴復以“雅言”來“達旨”是“夫固有所不得已也”,因為當時的白話遠未成熟,飽讀先秦詩書,受古文的熏陶而成積習,搖頭晃腦地讀起古書來連平仄也都留心的老夫子大抵不常接觸“利俗文字”,對“利俗文字”的運用不像對古文的運用得心應手,但又要翻譯,不得已就只能在“利俗文字”和“古文”之中擇取后者了,不僅翻譯的時候,甚至在日常寫作中,大概也會覺得用“用漢以前字法句法,則為達易”。更重要的是,作為復古的維新改良派,嚴復的翻譯所針對的讀者是操“雅言”的士大夫階層,為了使他們能夠看自己所譯的書,最好的辦法莫過于先用“雅言”來吸引他們,借“雅”以破啟錮閉,從而使頑固保守的士大夫階層樂于接受西方學理,正如嚴復在其《與梁任公論所譯〈原富〉書》中所言:“吾譯正以待多讀中國古書之人”,“若徒為近俗之辭,以便市井鄉(xiāng)僻之學,此于文界,乃所謂凌遲,非革命也?!币徽Z道破天機!嚴復的“雅”誠可謂用心良苦:從表達形式入手,使士大夫們認為“足與周秦諸子相上下”而最終“傾倒”。當然,嚴復畢竟是帶有復古思想的維新改良主義者,后來又淪為保守派,不懂得“利俗文字”是歷史的必然,更不懂得“利俗大眾”是歷史的推動者。

單純從翻譯標準的角度審視,“若是全盤而真實地‘信’了,把原作的思想感情,意思之最微妙的地方,連它的文字的風格、神韻都傳達了出來,則不但‘順’沒有問題,就是所謂‘雅’(如果原作是‘雅’的話)也沒有問題?!拧ⅰ_’(順)、‘雅’三字,實在作到一個‘信’就都有了。”⑧從這個意義上說,嚴復的“信、達、雅”在邏輯上確實“先天不足”。

早在光緒二十年(1894年),馬建忠(1845-1900)就在其《擬設(shè)翻譯書院議》中對翻譯進行了深入的探討,提出了“善譯”的標準:

夫譯之為事難矣,譯之將奈何?其平日冥心鉤考,必先將所譯者與所以譯者兩國之文字深嗜篤好,字櫛句比,以考彼此文字孳生之源,同異之故,所有相當之實義,委曲推究,務(wù)審其音聲之高下,析其字句之繁簡,盡其文體之變態(tài),及其義理粗深奧折之所由然。夫如是,則一書到手,經(jīng)營反復,確知其意旨之所在,而又摹寫其神情,仿佛其語氣,然后心悟神解,振筆而書,譯成之文,適如其所譯而止,而曾無毫發(fā)出入于其間,夫而后能使閱者所得之益,與觀原文無異,是則為善譯也已……。

在這段文字中,馬建忠不僅指出了“善譯”的條件—自如駕馭“所譯者與所以譯者兩國之文字”的能力,而且指明了“善譯”的過程—“一書到手,經(jīng)營反復,確知其意旨之所在,而又摹寫其神情,仿佛其語氣”。對原文能夠達到“心悟神解”的程度,翻譯起來就自然能夠“振筆而書”,“譯成之文”就自然能夠成為“善譯”了—“無毫發(fā)出入于其間,夫而后能使閱者所得之益,與觀原文無異?!?/p>

馬建忠的“善譯”,一言以蔽之,即是“信”—從內(nèi)容意旨到風格效果無所不信,較諸嚴復的“信、達、雅”則更具高度抽象的概括力,使“直譯”、“意譯”和“信、達、雅”在“無毫發(fā)出入于其間……與觀原文無異”中得到了統(tǒng)一。如果說“直譯”是為了“信”而“意譯”是為了“達”的話,那么,既然譯者已經(jīng)“確知其意旨之所在,而又摹寫其神情,仿佛其語氣”,并達到了“心悟神解”的程度,“信”自然就不會成為問題;既然譯者已經(jīng)“考彼此文孳生之源,同異之故,所有相當之實義,委曲推究”,又“審其音聲之高下,析起其字句之繁簡,盡其文體之變態(tài),及其義理精深奧折之所由然”,則“達”自然也不會成為問題。同時,以譯者能夠“摹寫其神情,仿佛其語氣”為前提,原文“雅”,“譯成之文”則定然不會“俗”,反之,原文“俗”,“譯成之文”也定然不會“雅”。

馬建忠的“善譯”無疑就是翻譯的最高境界,無論是奈達的“等效”,還是傅雷的“神似”,抑或錢鐘書的“化境”,均未跳出“善譯”的圈子。然而,在實際翻譯活動中如果采用“善譯”—或者“等效”、“神似”、“化境”—作為標準去衡量譯文,可以斷言,沒有任何譯文能夠“達標”,因為“徹底和全部的‘化’是不可實現(xiàn)的理想”⑨。雖然高標準是為了嚴要求,但是既然“法乎其上”最終也只是“僅得其中”,那么與其取法“不可實現(xiàn)的理想”毋寧提出切實具體的要求作為翻譯的基本原則:1)信守原文的內(nèi)容意旨;2)遵從譯語的語言習慣;3)切合原文的語體語域。

有人偏重“精心的再創(chuàng)造”,視翻譯為藝術(shù);有人偏重“一定的客觀規(guī)律”,視翻譯為科學。但是,不管視為藝術(shù),還是視為科學,翻譯的根本任務(wù)即在于“傳真”,譯者不能充當“說謊的媒婆”,⑩否則就會怨偶無數(shù)。翻譯無非是用新瓶子裝舊酒,雖然瓶子—語言文字類型—換了,但是酒—內(nèi)容風格效果—卻不能變。

翻譯必須“忠實”,這是共識。但是,“忠實”什么?“忠實”的應該是原文的內(nèi)容意旨和風格效果,而不是原文的語言表達形態(tài)。如果斤斤于原文的語言表達形態(tài),譯文無疑就會“異彩紛呈”,因“隔閡”而不“合格”。譯文的語言表達如果連“貫通”都做不到,讀者還怎么去“融會”?結(jié)果又怎么可能“與觀原文無異”?語言文字類型不同,語言表達習慣也就大不相同。

吳巖出其《從所謂“翻譯體”說起》中針對操漢語的譯者將外語譯成漢語的情況一針見血地指出了“翻譯體”的實質(zhì):一些譯者“一條腿走路”,“未能辯證地對待兩種語言文字”,譯文“是外國化了的中文”,未能“忠實地融會貫通地把原作翻譯和表達出來”。葉圣陶稱自己“不通一種外國語,常??葱┓g東西”,在《談?wù)劮g》一文中坦言“正因為不通外國語,我才要讀譯本呢”,揭示出這樣一個淺顯的道理:“別人不懂外文,所以要請教你譯;如果大家懂得,就不必勞駕了?!闭菓{著“不通一種外國語”的“外行”眼光,葉圣陶才看到并指出了問題的實質(zhì)。葉圣陶的核心思想是反對“死翻”?!八婪?,一言以蔽之,就是“用中國字寫的外國話”?!案鞣N語言的語言習慣都是相當穩(wěn)定的”,“既然是兩種語言,語法方面,修辭方面,選詞造句方面,不同之處當然很多”,“同樣一個意思,運用甲種語言該怎么樣表達,運用乙種語言該怎么樣表達”,不能“死翻”,即便“接受外來影響”,也“要以跟中國的語言習慣合得來為條件”。據(jù)葉圣陶想,“翻譯家是精通兩種語言的人,也就是能運用兩種語言來思維,來表達的人”,反觀之,“能運用兩種語言來思維,來表達的人”才算是“精通兩種語言的人”,“精通兩種語言的人”才能成為“翻譯家”。葉圣陶的意思是:“死翻”者自然成不了“翻譯家”,之所以成不了“翻譯家”,其根本原因就在于不精通兩種語言,不能運用兩種語言來思維、表達,而不精通兩種語言,不能運用兩種語言來思維、表達,最終結(jié)果就只能是“死翻”—“用中國字寫的外國話”。

吳巖以“內(nèi)行”的眼光審視“外國化了的中文”,站在“辯證地對待兩種語言文字”的思想認識高度來批語“翻譯體”,指出:“根據(jù)中國語言文字的特點,忠實地融會貫通地把原作翻譯和表達出來”。葉圣陶以“外行”的眼光旁觀“用中國字寫的外國話”,立足于“精神兩種語言”的基本條件來批評“死翻”,指出:“各種語言的語言習慣都是相當穩(wěn)定的,咱們接受外來影響要以跟中國的語言習慣合得來為條件”。吳巖與葉圣陶二人看問題的角度不同,觀點卻完全一致:“根據(jù)中國語言文字的特點”并“跟中國的語言習慣合得來”。吳巖和葉圣陶所針對的是操漢語的譯者將外語譯成漢語的情況,主張譯文要“根據(jù)中國語言文字的特點”,要“跟中國的語言習慣合得來”。若就“所譯者”和“所以譯者”而言,吳巖和葉圣陶的主張無非是:遵從譯語的語言習慣!